Activation of the vascular endothelium with cytokines such as TNF is widely used to study the role of the vasculature in proinflammatory disease. To gain insight into mechanisms of prolonged vascular endothelial activation we compared changes in gene expression induced by continuous activation in stable tmTNF-expressing cells with changes due to acute TNF challenge in vitro. Affymetrix Genechip analysis was performed on RNA from control, acute and continuous TNF-activated endothelial cells. Only 36% of the significant changes in gene expression were convergent between the acute and continuously activated endothelial cells compared with the control. From the divergently regulated genes, for example the cytokine ENA-78 was specifically induced in chronically activated cells, while E-selectin, a cell adhesion molecule, was upregulated only in acutely activated endothelial cells. Antioxidant SOD gene induction was noted in acute activation, while a regulatory NADPH oxidase subunit was selectively upregulated in continuously activated endothelium in accordance with significant reactive oxygen species induction occurred only in these cells. Accordingly, p38 and ERK1/2, two MAP kinases downstream of reactive oxygen species, were activated in stable transmembrane-spanning precursor (tm) TNF-expressing cells and were refractory to activation with soluble TNF or VEGF. In consequence, the increased p38 MAP kinase activity contributed to increased endothelial cell migration in tmTNF-expressing cells. These data suggest that continuous activation of endothelial cells leads to specific expression and functional changes, consistent with alterations observed in dysfunctional endothelium exposed to or involved in chronic inflammation.
Sodium Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitors Ameliorate Endothelium Barrier Dysfunction Induced by Cyclic Stretch through Inhibition of Reactive Oxygen Species
