General number systems and the axiomatic treatment of algebra

1998 ◽  
pp. 127-135
Keyword(s):  
Number Systems ◽  
Axiomatic Treatment ◽  
General Number

scholarly journals Typology of number systems in languages of Western and Central Siberia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Lasse Däbritz
Keyword(s):  
Number System ◽  
Northern Eurasia ◽  
Linguistic Expression ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Contact Phenomenon ◽  
Central Siberia ◽  
Number Marking ◽  
Number Systems ◽  
General Number

This paper investigates the linguistic expression of number in seven languages from Western and Central Siberia. In a first step the number system of each language is described in detail, and afterwards the most relevant convergences and divergences of the languages are dealt with. Three particularly interesting phenomena are discussed in more detail: First, it is shown that the concept of general number, denoting noun forms underspecified for number, is able to account for a range of related phenomena (unmarked noun forms after numerals, nouns denoting paired objects). Second, singulatives in Selkup, Ket and partly Eastern Khanty are analyzed, whereby it is argued that their similar morphosyntactic and grammaticalization patterns allow for analyzing them as a contact phenomenon. Third, two splits on the animacy hierarchy between the first and second person in Dolgan as well as Chulym Turkic are presented. Finally, the results are evaluated against a broader areal-typological background, whereby it is shown that the category of number does not support any larger areal groupings within Western and Central Siberia, but that the analyzed languages rather adhere to patterns of number marking present all over Northern Eurasia.

scholarly journals Nominal and verbal number in Bilugu Opo

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-184
Author(s):  
Joshua A.G. Smolders
Keyword(s):  
Small Group ◽  
South Sudan ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Large Group ◽  
Number Marking ◽  
Number Systems ◽  
Two Systems ◽  
General Number

Opo (a.k.a. Opuuo, Tʼapo [lgn]), a Koman language spoken in Ethiopia and South Sudan, has complex and interesting systems of both NOMINAL NUMBER and VERBAL NUMBER. This paper provides a description and analysis of these systems as found in the Bilugu dialect of Ethiopia, using Corbett's (2000) model of number systems as a theoretical framework. In Bilugu Opo, NOMINAL NUMBER marking is divided along the animacy hierarchy into two systems. The TOP SYSTEM, encompassing all human referents, marks singular ~ plural opposition via a variety of morphological strategies (lexical, derivational, and inflectional) and patterns (marked plural, marked singular, and both marked). The SECOND SYSTEM, encompassing all non-human referents, encodes GENERAL NUMBER. In the Opo verb system, VERBAL NUMBER (Corbett 2000) or PLURACTIONALITY (Newman 1990) is attested for just under half of verbs. These verbs can be organized into two groups: a large group which derive a plural stem through morpho-phonemic means (tone modification, vowel gemination, and reduplication) with unpredictable semantics, and a small group which derive a plural stem through lexical means (suppletion and stem alternation) with more predictable semantics.

Negative Based Number Systems

1979 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 240 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Gilbert ◽  
R. James Green
Keyword(s):  
Number Systems

scholarly journals The Usefulness of Spectral Mammography in Surgical Planning of Breast Cancer Treatment—Analysis of 999 Patients with Primary Operable Breast Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 2548-2559
Author(s):  
Andrzej Lorek ◽  
Katarzyna Steinhof-Radwańska ◽  
Anna Barczyk-Gutkowska ◽  
Wojciech Zarębski ◽  
Piotr Paleń ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Breast Imaging ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Diagnostic Sensitivity ◽  
Breast Cancer Surgery ◽  
Imaging Method ◽  
Treatment Change ◽  
Contrast Enhanced ◽  
General Number

Contrast-enhanced spectral mammography (CESM) is a promising, digital breast imaging method for planning surgeries. The study aimed at comparing digital mammography (MG) with CESM as predictive factors in visualizing multifocal-multicentric cancers (MFMCC) before determining the surgery extent. We analyzed 999 patients after breast cancer surgery to compare MG and CESM in terms of detecting MFMCC. Moreover, these procedures were assessed for their conformity with postoperative histopathology (HP), calculating their sensitivity and specificity. The question was which histopathological types of breast cancer were more frequently characterized by multifocality–multicentrality in comparable techniques as regards the general number of HP-identified cancers. The analysis involved the frequency of post-CESM changes in the extent of planned surgeries. In the present study, MG revealed 48 (4.80%) while CESM 170 (17.02%) MFMCC lesions, subsequently confirmed in HP. MG had MFMCC detecting sensitivity of 38.51%, specificity 99.01%, PPV (positive predictive value) 85.71%, and NPV (negative predictive value) 84.52%. The respective values for CESM were 87.63%, 94.90%, 80.57% and 96.95%. Moreover, no statistically significant differences were found between lobular and NST cancers (27.78% vs. 21.24%) regarding MFMCC. A treatment change was required by 20.00% of the patients from breast-conserving to mastectomy, upon visualizing MFMCC in CESM. In conclusion, mammography offers insufficient diagnostic sensitivity for detecting additional cancer foci. The high diagnostic sensitivity of CESM effectively assesses breast cancer multifocality/multicentrality and significantly changes the extent of planned surgeries. The multifocality/multicentrality concerned carcinoma, lobular and invasive carcinoma of no special type (NST) cancers with similar incidence rates, which requires further confirmation.

scholarly journals Population density, activity centres, and pandemic: Visualizing clusters of COVID-19 cases in Hong Kong

2021 ◽  
pp. 0308518X2110127
Author(s):  
Jiangping Zhou ◽  
Sam KS Ho ◽  
Shuyu Lei ◽  
Valarie CK Pang
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Number Of Clusters ◽  
The Third ◽  
General Number

The impacts of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on society and economy are wide-ranging, long-lasting, and global. The experience of multiple countries or regions in fighting the pandemic indicates that there could be multiple COVID-19 surges, where a growing number of cases can be observed in the more recent surge(s). Were COVID-19 cases and clusters of cases (across surges) randomly distributed in spaces? Did population density and activity centres influence clusters of cases and associated venues? Based on information on the associated venues of the four surges of COVID-19 cases between January 2020 and February 2021 as well as population density, visuals were made to distinguish the relationships between population density, activity centres, and clusters of cases in Hong Kong. Different spatial patterns were observed across the four surges: fewer cases were observed in the first surge with a more evenly distributed pattern of clusters; the second surge as compared to the first surge saw a wider distribution and an increase in the number/layer of clusters; compared to the second surge, the third surge suffered from many more cases but saw a decrease in the general number of clusters; and compared to the previous three surges, the fourth surge had the largest number of cases, yet even fewer clusters were observed, where several clusters are again concentrated in specific areas similar to the previous surge. Across the four surges, a few locales could see recurrent clusters of cases and a few communities were without cases.

Algebraic Independence Results Related to 〈q, r〉-Number Systems

2006 ◽  
Vol 147 (4) ◽  
pp. 319-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shin-ichiro Okada ◽  
Iekata Shiokawa
Keyword(s):  
Algebraic Independence ◽  
Number Systems ◽  
Independence Results

Semi-logarithmic number systems

1998 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-M. Muller ◽  
A. Scherbyna ◽  
A. Tisserand
Keyword(s):  
Number Systems ◽  
Logarithmic Number
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