scholarly journals Population density, activity centres, and pandemic: Visualizing clusters of COVID-19 cases in Hong Kong

2021 ◽  
pp. 0308518X2110127
Author(s):  
Jiangping Zhou ◽  
Sam KS Ho ◽  
Shuyu Lei ◽  
Valarie CK Pang
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Number Of Clusters ◽  
The Third ◽  
General Number

The impacts of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on society and economy are wide-ranging, long-lasting, and global. The experience of multiple countries or regions in fighting the pandemic indicates that there could be multiple COVID-19 surges, where a growing number of cases can be observed in the more recent surge(s). Were COVID-19 cases and clusters of cases (across surges) randomly distributed in spaces? Did population density and activity centres influence clusters of cases and associated venues? Based on information on the associated venues of the four surges of COVID-19 cases between January 2020 and February 2021 as well as population density, visuals were made to distinguish the relationships between population density, activity centres, and clusters of cases in Hong Kong. Different spatial patterns were observed across the four surges: fewer cases were observed in the first surge with a more evenly distributed pattern of clusters; the second surge as compared to the first surge saw a wider distribution and an increase in the number/layer of clusters; compared to the second surge, the third surge suffered from many more cases but saw a decrease in the general number of clusters; and compared to the previous three surges, the fourth surge had the largest number of cases, yet even fewer clusters were observed, where several clusters are again concentrated in specific areas similar to the previous surge. Across the four surges, a few locales could see recurrent clusters of cases and a few communities were without cases.

scholarly journals Bivariate representation of population density using public and private drinking and wastewater infrastructure

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Georgianna Strode ◽  
Victor Mesev
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Water Infrastructure ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Wastewater Infrastructure

Abstract. Drinking and wastewater infrastructure consists of both public and private usage. On each property parcel, drinking water can be privately provided by a well or publicly provided through a municipality. Wastewater can be a private septic tank or a public sewer. Property parcels can use all private, all public, or a combination of public and private solutions. It is important for planners and city officials to have knowledge of these systems, and it is also important to know the number of people using each type of infrastructure to prioritize resources and plan for future expansions. Visualizing the complexity of these data using separate univariate maps is aesthetically inferior involving back and forth comparisons. Further, the univariate maps represent land parcels only and do not capture the population that is using each type of water infrastructure. Our research develops a single bivariate map that facilitates the visualization of population using both public and private drinking and wastewater solutions simultaneously. The bivariate map is tended for use by planners, city officials, environmentalists, and others interested in the visualization of the spatial patterns of water infrastructure within one complete map.

Implementation of the Secondary 2 Program of Project P.A.T.H.S.: observations based on the co-walker scheme

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel T.L. Shek ◽  
Lu Yu ◽  
Vicky Y.T. Ho
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Delivery Method ◽  
Implementation Success ◽  
Implementation Quality ◽  
The Third ◽  
Perceived Success ◽  
Tier 1 ◽  
Program Adherence ◽  
Different Dimensions

Abstract The present study examined the implementation quality of the Tier 1 Program of Project P.A.T.H.S. (Positive Adolescent Training through Holistic Social Programmes) at Secondary 2 level in the third year of the initial phase of the project in Hong Kong. Classroom observations of 222 units in 148 schools were conducted under the co-walker scheme. Results generally showed that the overall level of program adherence was high and different dimensions of program delivery were positively correlated amongst themselves. Instructors’ use of positive and supportive feedback, degree of achievement of the objectives, and lesson preparation significantly predicted both the overall implementation quality and perceived success of the program. While instructors’ interactive delivery method and their familiarity with the students predicted overall implementation quality, student participation and involvement, and opportunity for reflection were predictive of implementation success. In conjunction with other evaluation findings, the present study lends further support to the high implementation quality of Project P.A.T.H.S. in Hong Kong.

The Admission and Regulation of Overseas Issuers

2018 ◽  
pp. 651-675
Author(s):  
Horace Yeung
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Host Country ◽  
Investor Protection ◽  
Listed Companies ◽  
The Third ◽  
Current State ◽  
Cross Listing ◽  
Regulatory Cooperation

This chapter examines the potential discrepancies in the regulation applied to overseas issuers, as opposed to domestic issuers, of four leading financial centers. They are New York, London, Hong Kong, and Singapore. It consists of three substantive sections. The first section will reviews existing literature and empirical evidence concerning the motivations and current state of cross-listing. The second section examines the listing route for an overseas issuer and inquires how it might differ from a domestic listing in the host country. This chapter particularly concerns the potential discrepancies of rules between a foreign listing and a domestic listing and asks if those discrepancies would lead to better or inferior investor protection. The third section examines the continuing regulation of foreign-listed companies, reviewing some regulatory concerns involving cross-listed companies and discussing what can be done to curb the problems, for instance, through regulatory cooperation between home and host regulators.

POPULATION CHANGE IN AN OUTBREAK OF THE DOUGLAS-FIR TUSSOCK MOTH, ORGYIA PSEUDOTSUGATA (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE), IN CENTRAL ARIZONA

1974 ◽  
Vol 106 (11) ◽  
pp. 1171-1174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard R. Mason
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Population Change ◽  
Larval Density ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
First Year ◽  
Tussock Moth ◽  
The Third ◽  
Orgyia Pseudotsugata ◽  
Early Instar ◽  
Central Arizona

AbstractChanges in population density were evaluated over an outbreak cycle of the Douglas-fir tussock moth. Growth rate of populations was independent of larval density in the first year, but thereafter became a reciprocal function of density, terminated by complete population collapse at the end of the third year. Through correlation analyses, it was found that density of small larvae accounted for a large proportion of the change in population density between years. This suggests that the local infestations developed largely from resident populations of at least 2 years and not from spread of early instar larvae during the outbreak.

scholarly journals Stages of spatial dispersion of the COVID-19 epidemic in Poland in the first six months (4 March-20 September, 2020).

2021 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-324
Author(s):  
Przemysław Śleszyński
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Concentration Index ◽  
Spatial Dispersion ◽  
First Case ◽  
And Cluster Analysis ◽  
Day By Day

The article is a continuation of research published by the author elsewhere (Śleszyński, 2020). The elaboration presents the regularity of spatial distribution of infections during the first six months after the detection of SARS-CoV-2 coronovirus in Poland under strong lockdown conditions. The main aim is to try to determine the basic temporal-spatial patterns and to answer the questions: to what extent the phenomenon was ordered and to what extent it was chaotic, whether there are any particular features of spread, whether the infection is concentrated or dispersed and whether the spreading factors in Poland are similar to those observed in other countries. Day by day data were used according to the counties collected in Rogalski’s team (2020). The data were aggregated to weekly periods (7 days) and then the regularity of spatial distribution was searched for using the cartogram method, time series shifts, rope correlation between the intensity of infections in different periods, Herfindahl-Hirschman concentration index (HHI) and cluster analysis. A spatial typology of infection development in the population was also performed. Among other things, it was shown that during the first period (about 100 days after the first case), the infections became more and more spatially concentrated and then dispersed. Differences were also shown in relation to the spread of the infection compared to observations from other countries, i.e. no relation to population density and level of urbanization.

Contracts for the Benefit of Third Parties: Hong Kong

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Mason
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Strict Adherence ◽  
The Third ◽  
English Law ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Third Party ◽  
Contractual Rights

This chapter analyses the law on third party beneficiaries in Hong Kong long characterized by strict adherence to the traditional common law doctrine of privity. The law relating to third party rights was only reformed by way of Ordinance in 2016, along the lines of the statutory reform of English law in 1999. A small number of specifically enumerated types of contract are excluded from the scope of the Ordinance; other contracts may be concluded to confer enforceable contractual rights on third parties. Whether a third party may enforce a term of a contract depends on the interpretation of the contract: if the third party right was not expressly conferred there is a presumption that the conferral was intended; but this can be rebutted if the parties made it clear that they did not intend it to be enforceable. The third party must be identified by name, as a member of a class, or answering a particular description and may claim the same remedies for breach as a party to the contract.

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