Cuantificador todo en tiempos del Covid

The sudden onset of the Coronavirus pandemic created the need for contemporary societies to adjust quickly to new rules that frequently limit our civil rights. Governments are obliged to take decisions and inform society of such. On the other hand, imposing unpopular rules on potential voters can result in a loss in popularity that can be devastating for a politician. This is true even in the face of a force majeure. Therefore, from the point of view of the pragmatics of political discourse it is imperative to choose those linguistic devices that would allow communicative goals to be achieved while not compromising the speaker. In the official speeches of the Spanish Prime Minister that took place between January and June 2020 and which coincided with the most dramatic period of the pandemic, the frequency of the use of quantitative expressions, especially of the collective universal quantifier todo, is significant. In this paper we will analyse various uses of this linguistic expression that arise from the discursive pragmatic strategies employed by the speaker.

The Genesis of the Internal Convictions of a Law Enforcement Officer in the Process of Interpreting the Norms of Law

The article describes the forms of objectification of language in law. Language is considered by the author not just as a way of communicating legal information, but as a mediator of the meaning of law. The role of legal definitions in legal operations is characterized. The language correlates with the spheres of the spirit of law and the legal process. Language is an important nation-forming factor. It is not limited to providing communication between subjects using verbal and non-verbal means. In the legal sphere, the word carries the spirit of law, for it is the embodiment of this spirit. Receiving a linguistic expression, the spirit of law is objectified. At the same time, the legal literature presents a limited view on the functions of language in law. As a rule, they include display function(expression of the will of the legislator outside) and communicative one (bringing this will to the attention of participants in public relations). At the same time, the most important functions of language in law are ignored: system-preserving, meaning-forming and spiritual. At the same time, the author warns against the absolutization of linguistic means in law.

Communication system of the legal sphere: characteristic features and concept (in aspects of document science branch)

The purpose of the article is devoted to the purpose of the definition of characteristics and conceptsof the communication system of the legal sphere (in aspects of branch document science). The methodologyconsists of the application of methods of analysis, synthesis, comparative method, with the help of whichscientific works related to the subject of scientific research are studied. Scientific novelty. The absence ofresults, the formation of which is devoted to the article, has been established. It was found that a number ofworks, which to some extent concern our scientific interests, do not solve the purpose of the search highlightedin the publication. The spectrum of characteristic features is singled out and the concept of the communicationsystem of the legal sphere is formulated for the first time. Conclusions. The following characteristics ofthe communication system of the legal sphere were identified: functioning in the process of subjects of lawinteraction; implementation through the exchange of legal information through oral and written forms ofspeech; the prevalence of the documentary aspect due to the documentary display and dissemination of legalinformation, as well as the use of functional styles, the combination of which creates the phenomenon ofdocumentary linguistic expression of legal thought; acquisition of communicative qualities related to the fieldof jurisprudence. A definition for the communication system of the legal sphere has been formulated. It is aform of organization of legal entities that interact by exchanging legal information through scientific, officialbusiness, journalistic, epistolary functional-stylistic mechanisms and communicative qualities of correctness,clarity, accuracy, brevity, expediency, logic, purity, conciseness, in which the documentary aspect plays adecisive role.Keywords: communication system, legal sphere, a connection of document science with legal sphere,methods of legal information transfer, communicative qualities of jurisprudence language, functional andstylistic mechanisms of a communication system of the legal sphere.

Typology of number systems in languages of Western and Central Siberia

This paper investigates the linguistic expression of number in seven languages from Western and Central Siberia. In a first step the number system of each language is described in detail, and afterwards the most relevant convergences and divergences of the languages are dealt with. Three particularly interesting phenomena are discussed in more detail: First, it is shown that the concept of general number, denoting noun forms underspecified for number, is able to account for a range of related phenomena (unmarked noun forms after numerals, nouns denoting paired objects). Second, singulatives in Selkup, Ket and partly Eastern Khanty are analyzed, whereby it is argued that their similar morphosyntactic and grammaticalization patterns allow for analyzing them as a contact phenomenon. Third, two splits on the animacy hierarchy between the first and second person in Dolgan as well as Chulym Turkic are presented. Finally, the results are evaluated against a broader areal-typological background, whereby it is shown that the category of number does not support any larger areal groupings within Western and Central Siberia, but that the analyzed languages rather adhere to patterns of number marking present all over Northern Eurasia.

Dynamics of Values in American Election Discourse

The article presents the results of a corpus-based analysis of axiological characteristics of political discourse. Applying the method of identifying keywords in a corpus the authors described the dynamics of the American election discourse dominant values in the period from 1952 to 2016. The research material comprised the texts of American presidential election commercials from seventeen campaigns. The texts were compiled into three corpora according to three historical periods: period I – 1952–1972; period II – 1976–2000; period III – 2004–2016. It was found that the invariant values represented in the texts of election commercials of all the historical periods are: "prosperity", "patriotism", "progress", "social justice" and "security". The listed values receive a variable linguistic expression in the texts of each period. It is shown that the evolution of the value component in the presidential campaign discourse manifests itself in the change of actors within the opposition "us – them", in variation of their linguistic representations, in modification of value dominants of discourse and in transformation of language means conveying evaluative meaning. The main set of value orientations of the discourse remains relatively constant, the changes are revealed in the model of conceptualization of the values and their influencing potential in the election communication.

Honorification in Dzongkha

This chapter demonstrates that honorific vocabulary and constructions in Dzongkha function in multiple ways as points of integration between language and society. One function is overt, and is used as a linguistic expression of the importance of maintaining the cultural traditions of Bhutanese society. This function indexes the social hierarchy of clausal referents and encodes speaker politeness. Two verb types, honorific and humilific, are among the honorification strategies that are used to profile social hierarchy: honorific verbs focus on the elevated status of the referent whereas humilific verbs are inherently relative, and function to show the comparative social gap between clausal referents. The chapter demonstrates that another function of honorifics appears in natural conversation among social equals, and this is to mitigate the speaker’s perception of imposing on the interlocutor, rather than to profile distance in a social hierarchy. The chapter also shows that unlike many classification systems which are based on perceived physical characteristics of the referent, honorific nouns have a classificatory function that is based on body part or human utility.

STEREOTYPICAL FEATURES OF THE JEWISH IN THE WORLDWIEW OF THE LITHUANIAN SAMOGITIAN: LEXICOGRAPHIC DATA

Before the Second World War, urban Jewish communities in the Lithuanian ethnographic region of Samogitia were quite large, thus Samogitians and Jews used to maintain rather close contacts. The paper focuses on Samogitians’ view on Jews from an ethnolinguistic perspective, based on lexicographic material. The analysis of speech samples that express this opinion is based on a structural approach to meaning combined with a cognitive one, following from word meaning to sentence meaning. A stereotypical “image” of the Jew is believed to consist of a specific set of certain common characteristics and traits, which is further elaborated by an analysis of linguistic expression. The analysis of stereotypical features is related to the expression of the axiological system. The research revealed that, in the socio-cultural context, the scale of evaluation of the Jewish people included positive, neutral, and negative evaluations, with the prevalence of stereotypes of Jews as of neighbours, people of other religion, foreigners.

Variation in embodied metaphors: a contrastive analysis of taste metaphors in Spanish and English

Whereas in the late 90s the universal character of many embodied conceptual metaphors was overemphasised, in the last years some authors have claimed that culture plays a crucial role in the motivation of all kinds of conceptual metaphors, including those grounded on universal bodily experiences. In order to shed some light on this issue, we carry out a contrastive analysis of conceptual metaphors with basic tastes as a source domain in Spanish and in English. To this end, we employ a mixed approach, combining data from dictionaries and linguistic corpora. Our analysis reveals that variation is higher at the level of linguistic expression and lower, but still significant, at the conceptual level. Although most taste metaphors are shared by Spanish and English, a few language-specific conceptual metaphors are also found, proving that food culture has an influence on the motivation of conceptual metaphors.

The Impact of Reading Self-Made Personalised Books on Two- to Four-Year-Old Children’s Linguistic Expressions When Speaking about Themselves

This study aimed to analyse the impact of reading personalised books on the linguistic expression of two-to four-year-old children when speaking spontaneously about themselves during the sensitive period of self-identification. A natural experiment was carried out using self-made books, which consisted of personalised and non-personalised parts. The personal parts of the books, which reflected each child’s home environment and what they liked, were specially designed for each child. Thirty-six children aged between two and four years who attended an early childhood education institution participated in the study. The study sessions were recorded. The data analysis was conducted by applying a case study method, and the collected data were analysed qualitatively by assessing the content of the children’s speech, emotions and gestures. Five typical cases were identified and described. They substantiated that the personalised parts of the books consisting of pictures from each child’s environment encouraged them to use more words when speaking about themselves, to use more varied and complex means of linguistic expression when talking about familiar things, to choose appropriate linguistic means when referring to the self in the first person and/or to speak about themselves from the perspective of the other. The influence of the personalised parts of the books was not observed until the children started identifying themselves as separate subjects.