3. A mathematical science

2017 ◽  
pp. 42-66
Author(s):  
Jim Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Local Time ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Mathematical Science ◽  
Mercator Projection ◽  
Celestial Pole ◽  
The Cross

‘A mathematical science’ shows that the idea of navigation taking on techniques from other disciplines is reinforced by the appearance of instruments from these disciplines modified for seaborne use. The mariner’s astrolabe had only the altitude scale and was more robustly made to withstand the rigours of use at sea. The cross-staff, and then backstaff, replaced the astrolabe. These instruments made familiar the concept of latitude in degrees. Seamen also used the nocturnal to find local time from the rotation of the stars around the celestial Pole. The new role for mathematics in navigation is nowhere better exemplified than in the development of nautical charts—particularly the 16th-century Mercator projection.

„compassio“, Leidenschaft, Ekstase

POETICA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 180-227
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Schulze-Witzenrath
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
The Other ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Religious Art ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Theological Interpretation ◽  
Loved One ◽  
Musical Works ◽  
The Cross ◽  
The Middle Ages

Abstract Expressions and gestures of mourning for the loved one have been a theme of religious art from early on. In the Middle Ages, after the discovery of the suffering Christ (“Christus patiens”), they are shown in numerous depictions of the crucifixion, especially in those of the taking down of the cross. Since the 13th century, the attitude of “compassion”, which commemorates Christ’s act of redemption and, according to theological interpretation, thereby brings about one’s own salvation, has promoted empathy with the other. After the theme had been increasingly treated aesthetically in painting, non-religious models of mourning also appeared in poetry from the 16th century onwards, whose actions were oriented towards the respective epoch-specific image of man (passion, ecstasy). The article analyses relevant poetic and musical works.

Jean Baruzi y el problema del símbolo sanjuanista

Revue Romane ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-150
Author(s):  
Juan Varo Zafra
Keyword(s):  
Mystical Experience ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Christian Mysticism ◽  
Saint John ◽  
The Cross ◽  
John Of The Cross

The article analyses and discusses the concepts of symbol and allegory in relation to Jean Baruzi’s classic study of the poetry of St. John of the Cross, Saint John of the Cross and the Problem of Mystical Experience. These concepts have been accepted to greater or lesser degree by the majority of St. John of the Cross criticism. My reading attempts to trace the historical circumstances that conditioned Baruzi’s approach and argues for the need to reassess the reach and the pertinence of applying these aesthetic categories in the interpretation of 16th century mystical poetry, taking the conditions and unique specifics determined by the epoch and the parameters of the tradition of Christian mysticism as interpretive horizon.

scholarly journals Finding the Blackfriars

2020 ◽  
Vol 90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald Wilson ◽  
Julie Franklin ◽  
David Henderson ◽  
Peter Ryder ◽  
Richard Fawcett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Small Area ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
School Building ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Stone Wall ◽  
Archaeological Work ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Excavation Area

Redevelopment of the Old High School, Edinburgh, provided an opportunity to investigate the speculatedlocation of a Dominican friary, known to have been founded in the early 13th century. The site was alsothe known location of the 16th-century Royal High School, a predecessor of the present Old High Schoolbuilding constructed in 1777.The scope of the archaeological work included the excavation of a relatively small area to the front ofthe Old High School building. This area contained some of the most significant archaeological remainsrecently found in Edinburgh’s Old Town. These included an early medieval boundary ditch; the survivingremains of two walls, interpreted as being associated with the medieval Dominican friary church and88 accompanying burials spread across three distinct areas. Six of these burials were radiocarbon dated,returning a range of dates between the 13th and 17th centuries, providing the first clear evidence of theexistence of the friary in this location. The most significant of the burials was associated with a cross slabgrave cover and located in an area interpreted as the claustral area of the friary. Both the cross slab and theassociated burial were dated to the late 13th century.Further stone wall foundations relating to the 16th-century Royal High School building were alsoidentified within the excavation area. Several further features ranging from medieval stone-lined drains to19th-century walls and culverts were recorded during further groundworks across the remainder of the site.

scholarly journals Beyging og merking orðsins hjalt

Orð og tunga ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 95-114
Author(s):  
Katrín Axelsdóttir
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Old Icelandic ◽  
Modern Language ◽  
Phonetic Similarity ◽  
Class A ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Cross

Icel. hjalt is mostly used in the plural. In Modern Icelandic two different plural forms (i.e. in nom./acc.) are known, hjölt and hjöltu (def. hjöltin and hjöltun). The latt er form is not listed in the dictionaries. It is, however, well documented in the modern language, and its history can be traced to the 16th century. According to the dictionaries the meaning of hjalt in the plural is ‘cross-guard and pommel’ or even (at least in Old Icelandic) ‘cross-guard, grip and pommel’. However, many people believe that hjölt(or hjöltu) refers to the cross-guard only. This is thus an instance of semantic nar-rowing. The meaning of Engl. hilt offers an interesting comparison. It seems to have two meanings, ‘grip’ and ‘cross-guard, grip and pommel’. This is another instance of semantic narrowing, although slightly different. Translating Engl. hilt with hjölt(or hjöltu) can be problematic. An attempt is made to explain the change hjölt(in)→hjöltu(n). This analogical change is quite unexpected, since hjölt belongs to a large and productive inflectional class (a-stems, e.g. fj all (pl.fj öll)), hjöltu on the other hand fol-lows a tiny class (an-stems, e.g. hjarta, (pl. hjörtu)). Two explanations are offered: First, the phonetic similarity between hjalt and hjarta. Secondly, the existence of a semantic “lexical gang” within the tiny class, consisting of the words auga, eyra, lunga, nýra and eista, all of which usually refer to a pair in the plural (‘eyes, ears, lungs, kidneys, testicles’), just as hjölt (or hjöltu) does, both in its old and new meaning.

Further on the History of the Veneration of the wonder-working icon of Nicholas of Zaraysk

2021 ◽  
pp. 146-189
Author(s):  
А.Б. Мазуров
Keyword(s):  
Striking Feature ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Under Construction

В статье рассмотрены иконографические особенности иконы «Никола Зарайский в житии», являвшейся в XVII – начале XX вв. храмовым образом и главной святыней Никольского собора г. Зарайска. Икона, являющаяся списком с древнего утраченного византийского («корсунского») оригинала XIII века, ранее датировалась 1513 г. Предлагается отнести памятник к 1528-1531 гг. и связать его появление с моментом завершения строительства наиболее раннего каменного Никольского храма XVI в., являвшегося духовным центром строившегося в это же время Зарайского кремля. Образ является ценным источником для реконструкции особенностей его прототипа. Доказывается, что древний корсунский образ не имел житийных клейм. Чтимая в народе икона породила значительное количество копий и повторений. Выявлено более 40 иконографических источников XIII - первой трети XVI вв. (живописные иконы, деревянные и каменные резные иконы и иконки, произведения шитья, крест-мощевик), которые восходят к древнему оригиналу (наиболее яркая черта которого, помимо иконографии Николы Зарайского, – крестчатая фелонь), повторяя его во многих деталях. Вместе с тем, акцентирована и возможность вариаций в трактовке деталей. Проанализированный массив источников позволяет утверждать, что прототип списка 1528–1531 г. в том виде, в каком мы его знаем сейчас, существовал уже не позднее конца XIII века. The article studies the iconographic details of the icon «Nicolas of Zaraysk in His Life» which was the principal image and the main shrine of St. Nicholas Cathedral in Zaraysk between the 17th and the early 20th centuries. Copied from the Byzantine (Korsun) icon from the 13th century, the icon has been traditionally dated 1513. The author suggests that the icon's origin should be dated 1528–1531 and associated with the end of the construction of the earliest stone St. Nicholas Church of the 16th century. It was the religious center of the Zaraysk Kremlin which was also under construction at the time. The image is a critical source for recreating the details of its prototype. The author brings evidence that the Korsun image had no hagiographic border scenes. The popular icon has been copied numerous times. Over 40 iconographic sources from between the 13th and the first third of the 16th centuries have been identified (pictorial icons, wood, and stone carved icons and miniatures, sewing works, a reliquary cross) that go back to the medieval original (the cross phelonion being the most striking feature, apart from the iconography of Nicholas of Zaraysk) and copy its many details. Besides that, the possibility of variable details has been emphasized. Based on the analyzed sources, the author suggests that the prototype of the copy from 1528–1531, as we know it today, had already existed in the late 13th century or earlier.

scholarly journals Praises of the Cross, Wǝddase Mäsqäl, by Abba Giyorgis of Gasǝč̣č̣a

Aethiopica ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 47-120
Author(s):  
Getatchew Haile
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Oral Tradition ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Literary Work ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
High Quality ◽  
The Cross ◽  
High Standards ◽  
The Many

One of the many works of Abba Giyorgis of Gasǝč̣č̣a/SäŠgla (d. 1527) is a Wǝddase Mäsqäl “Praises of the Cross”, a work which previously was known only from Abba Giyorgis’s Acts (Gädl) and oral tradition. Recently, however, the Ethiopian Manuscript Microfilm Library, Addis Abäba/Collegeville, has discovered and microfilmed a 16th-century copy of the text, EMML 504, edited and translated here. In the work Abba Giyorgis reviews the symbolic prophecies in the Old Testament relating to the Incarnation of the Word. The Wǝddase Mäsqäl is an exceedingly high quality literary work, even by the author’s famously high standards.

A New Approach to the Demonstration of Oxidase-Localization Using Tannic Acid Or Catechin

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 698-699
Author(s):  
V. Mizuhira ◽  
Y. Futaesaku
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Tannic Acid ◽  
Elastic Fiber ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Tissue Block ◽  
Active Reaction ◽  
The Cross

Previously we reported that tannic acid is a very effective fixative for proteins including polypeptides. Especially, in the cross section of microtubules, thirteen submits in A-tubule and eleven in B-tubule could be observed very clearly. An elastic fiber could be demonstrated very clearly, as an electron opaque, homogeneous fiber. However, tannic acid did not penetrate into the deep portion of the tissue-block. So we tried Catechin. This shows almost the same chemical natures as that of proteins, as tannic acid. Moreover, we thought that catechin should have two active-reaction sites, one is phenol,and the other is catechole. Catechole site should react with osmium, to make Os- black. Phenol-site should react with peroxidase existing perhydroxide.

Electrochemical nucleation and growth of copper on iron and aluminum: A TEM study of industrial copper cementation

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 454-455
Author(s):  
L.E. Murr ◽  
V. Annamalai
Keyword(s):  
Metal Surface ◽  
Copper Deposit ◽  
Nucleation And Growth ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Electrochemical Reactions ◽  
Mine Shaft ◽  
De Re ◽  
Copper Precipitation ◽  
Electrochemical Nucleation ◽  
Interesting System

Georgius Agricola in 1556 in his classical book, “De Re Metallica”, mentioned a strange water drawn from a mine shaft near Schmölnitz in Hungary that eroded iron and turned it into copper. This precipitation (or cementation) of copper on iron was employed as a commercial technique for producing copper at the Rio Tinto Mines in Spain in the 16th Century, and it continues today to account for as much as 15 percent of the copper produced by several U.S. copper companies.In addition to the Cu/Fe system, many other similar heterogeneous, electrochemical reactions can occur where ions from solution are reduced to metal on a more electropositive metal surface. In the case of copper precipitation from solution, aluminum is also an interesting system because of economic, environmental (ecological) and energy considerations. In studies of copper cementation on aluminum as an alternative to the historical Cu/Fe system, it was noticed that the two systems (Cu/Fe and Cu/Al) were kinetically very different, and that this difference was due in large part to differences in the structure of the residual, cement-copper deposit.

Structures Resembling Striated Rootlets in Oocytes

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 124-125
Author(s):  
Valerie V. Ernst
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Complex ◽  
Fibrous Structure ◽  
Oocyte Development ◽  
The Cross

During the earliest stage of oocyte development in the limpet, Acmea scutum, Golgi complexes are small, few and randomly dispersed in the cytoplasm. As growth proceeds, the Golgi complexes increase in size and number and migrate to the periphery of the cell. At this time, fibrous structures resembling striated rootlets occur associated with the Golgi complexes. Only one fibrous structure appears to be associated with a Golgi complex.The fibers are periodically cross banded with an average of 4 dense fibrils and 6 lighter fibrils per period (Fig. 1). The cross fibrils have a center to center spacing of about 7 run which appears to be the same as that of the striated rootlets of the gill cilia in this animal.

Energy Distribution in Electron Beams

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 568-569
Author(s):  
Tamotsu Ohno
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Energy Distribution ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Integral Curve ◽  
Electron Beams ◽  
Electron Gun ◽  
Angular Divergence ◽  
Apparent Increase ◽  
Integral Width ◽  
The Cross

The energy distribution in an electron; beam from an electron gun provided with a biased Wehnelt cylinder was measured by a retarding potential analyser. All the measurements were carried out with a beam of small angular divergence (<3xl0-4 rad) to eliminate the apparent increase of energy width as pointed out by Ichinokawa.The cross section of the beam from a gun with a tungsten hairpin cathode varies as shown in Fig.1a with the bias voltage Vg. The central part of the beam was analysed. An example of the integral curve as well as the energy spectrum is shown in Fig.2. The integral width of the spectrum ΔEi varies with Vg as shown in Fig.1b The width ΔEi is smaller than the Maxwellian width near the cut-off. As |Vg| is decreased, ΔEi increases beyond the Maxwellian width, reaches a maximum and then decreases. Note that the cross section of the beam enlarges with decreasing |Vg|.

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