Philosophical Method: A Very Short Introduction

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Common Sense ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Thought Experiments ◽  
Philosophical Methodology ◽  
Philosophical Method ◽  
Philosophical Thinking ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mathematics And Science

What is philosophy and what are philosophers trying to achieve? Philosophical Method: A Very Short Introduction looks at the history of philosophy, including examples from history charting the successes and failures of philosophical thinking. Themes explored in detail include philosophy’s relationship to mathematics and science, common sense and its misinterpretations, the role of debate in the search for truth, and the importance of thought experiments to philosophical arguments. This VSI provides a contemporary look at philosophical methodology, asking if philosophy is always an ‘armchair-based’ discipline or if real-life thought experiments can help us solve philosophical problems.

Collingwood and Russell on Philosophical Method

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-52
Author(s):  
Timothy C. Lord
Keyword(s):  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
Philosophical Methodology ◽  
Philosophical Method ◽  
Dialectical Method ◽  
Logical Atomism ◽  
History Of

Collingwood’s An Essay on Philosophical Method provides an insightful critique of Russell’s analysis and metaphysics of logical atomism, proposing an unduly neglected neo-idealist alternative to Russell’s philosophical method. I summarize Collingwood’s critique of analysis and sympathetically outline the philosophical methodology of Collingwood’s post-Hegelian dialectical method: his scale of forms methodology, grounded on the overlap of philosophical classes. I then delineate Collingwood’s critique of the metaphysics of logical atomism, demonstrating how the scale of forms methodology is opposed to Russell’s logical atomism. Finally, I reflect on the reasons Collingwood’s Essay aroused little interest upon publication and the importance of continually rethinking the history of philosophy.

Hegel on the Nature of Scepticism

2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 80-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dietmar H. Heidemann
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Philosophical Method ◽  
Philosophical Thinking ◽  
Knock Down ◽  
Human Understanding ◽  
Early View ◽  
The One ◽  
Intrinsic Feature

In the Encyclopaedia Logic, Hegel states that ‘philosophy … contains the sceptical as a moment within itself — specifically as the dialectical moment’ (§81, Addition 2), and that ‘scepticism’ as ‘the dialectical moment itself is an essential one in the affirmative Science’ (§78). On the one hand, the connection between scepticism and dialectic is obvious. Hegel claims that scepticism is a problem that cannot be just removed from the philosophical agenda by knock-down anti-sceptical arguments. Scepticism intrinsically belongs to philosophical thinking; that is to say, it plays a constructive role in philosophical thinking. On the other hand, scepticism has to be construed as the view according to which we cannot know whether our beliefs are true, i.e., scepticism plays a destructive role in philosophy no matter what. It is particularly this role that clashes with Hegel's claim of having established a philosophical system of true cognition of the entirety of reality. In the following I argue that for Hegel the constructive and the destructive role of scepticism are reconcilable. I specifically argue that it is dialectic that makes both consistent since scepticism is a constitutive element of dialectic.In order to show in what sense scepticism is an intrinsic feature of dialectic I begin by sketching Hegel's early view of scepticism specifically with respect to logic and metaphysics. The young Hegel construes logic as a philosophical method of human cognition that inevitably results in ‘sceptical’ consequences in that it illustrates the finiteness of human understanding. By doing so, logic not only nullifies finite understanding but also introduces to metaphysics, i.e., the true philosophical science of the absolute.

scholarly journals Kontribusi Fenomenologi Post-Subjek pada Metodologi Filosofis dan Teologis

MELINTAS ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-79
Author(s):  
Hadrianus Tedjoworo
Keyword(s):  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Mutual Exclusion ◽  
Philosophical Thinking ◽  
Philosophical Discourse ◽  
Saturated Phenomenon ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Given

Givenness is probably an odd term in methodology, but not in phenomenology. The long history of subjectivism in philosophy faces confrontations from Derrida's deconstruction. This history also results in a sort of mutual exclusion between philosophy and theology. The concept of the subject becomes a problem for both, but frequently it is safeguarded for the sake of a more universal 'objectivity'. The phenomenological tendency towards phenomenon, more than towards the experiencing subject and more than anything regarded as object, provokes some philosophical focus on the emancipation of the phenomena. Marion pushes phenomenology to its limits, to the extent that he is suspected of undermining the role of the subject in contemporary philosophical discourse. He reacts to Derrida's deconstruction, which was also criticised for not offering a way out of the labyrinth from the collapse of traditional thoughts. Marion is quite consistent with his phenomenology, namely in offering a way out for the subject to be a witness, and reminds that philosophy should be more appreciative of phenomena. The term saturated phenomenon represents his philosophical thinking that can be regarded as a methodological approach to respect, and not to dominate, reality. Being a witness is not the same as playing a critic on reality. This could be a useful stance for philosophers as well as theologians in the presence of the phenomena they cannot master, namely, the given phenomena.

Time: A Very Short Introduction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenann Ismael
Keyword(s):  
History Of Physics ◽  
Philosophical Thinking ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
Isaac Newton ◽  
Experience Of Time ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Nature Of Time ◽  
Everyday Living

Time: A Very Short Introduction explores questions about the nature of time that have been at the heart of philosophical thinking since its beginnings: questions like whether time has a beginning or end, whether and in what sense time passes, how time is different from space, whether time has a direction, and whether it is possible to travel in time. These questions passed into the hands of scientists with the work of Isaac Newton when the structure of space and time became connected to motion and included the subject matter of physics. This VSI charts the way that the history of physics, from Isaac Newton through Albert Einstein’s two revolutions, wrought changes to the conception of time. There are parts of physics that are in a state of confusion, but this strand of development is a story of philosophical illumination and conceptual beauty. The discussion here provides an opportunity to see what distinguishes the methods of physics from those of philosophy. It brings together physics, cognitive science, and phenomenology in the service of reconciling what modern theories tell us about the nature of time with the everyday living experience of time.

The ‘Nautch’, the Veil and the Bayadère: The Indian Dance as Musical Nexus

2019 ◽  
pp. 213-235
Author(s):  
Margaret E. Walker
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Art Music ◽  
Western Art ◽  
Artistic Production ◽  
History Of ◽  
Indian Dance ◽  
The Veil

During the early period of mercantile contact with India, the exotic spectacle of the Bayadères or Nautch Girls seized the imagination of western sojourners and inspired an abundance of artistic production back in Europe. The ‘dancing girl’ is found everywhere in late 18th- and 19th-century orientalist paintings, poetry, novels, and of course, ballets, operas and other musical compositions. Although there are substantial studies exploring musical orientalisms in western art music, little attention has been paid to the role of real-life performances in such musical creation. This chapter explores the influence of the colonial interaction with Indian dance performances over the long 19th century. It argues not only for a nuanced and historicised approach to musical encounter but also, given the centrality of the Nautch in the Indian context, for the crucial inclusion of dance in the global history of music.

On data-driven systems and system-driven data

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koen Van Daele ◽  
Leen Meganck ◽  
Sophie Mortier
Keyword(s):  
Real Life ◽  
Data Entry ◽  
Inventory System ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Driven Systems ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Printed Books ◽  
Different Types ◽  
History Of

Purpose – Over the past 20 years, heritage inventories in Flanders (Belgium) have evolved from printed books to digital inventories. The purpose of this paper is to look at this evolution and highlight the interaction between the system and its users. Design/methodology/approach – After a short introduction about the history of inventories in Flanders, this paper mainly concerns itself with the last decade. Discrete topics will be highlighted to show the effects of the interaction that has taken place. Findings – It is obvious that a system that publishes a digital inventory needs to adapt to the user requirements. But, after years of working with a digital inventory system, it has become apparent that not only has the system been developed to the users’ needs, but also that user practice and the resulting data have been shaped by the system. Seeing data projected on a common basemap has led researchers to realise how intertwined and interdependent different types of heritage can be and how much their respective methodologies can benefit from more interaction. It has become apparent that data quality is of the utmost importance, something that can only be guaranteed by data entry standards, validation tools, and a strict editing workflow. The systems that are being developed are not expected to live on forever, but the data in them is. Originality/value – This paper presents real-life use cases and practical applications of building and maintaining a large digital inventory system over the years and through changes in organisational structure and focus. It provides insights that are hard to ascertain from smaller projects due to the volumes of data that are handled.

scholarly journals Vladimir Soloviev on the Mission of Art: The Modern Aspects

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kseniia Leonidovna Erofeeva
Keyword(s):  
Mass Culture ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Ecological Ethics ◽  
General Sense ◽  
The Real ◽  
History Of Art ◽  
History Of ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Opposing Tendency

The article analyses the final lines of V. Soloviev’s work “The General Sense of Art,” correlating them with the art tendencies of the modern civilization. The author addresses Soloviev’s idea about the transforming role of art in relation to the reality, the real life. It is stated that, in the modern era, within the commercial mass culture domination, the entertaining function of art comes to the forefront. At the same time, an opposing tendency can be observed: a movement towards the all-encompassing unity, understanding of the universal, the priority of common values (the ideas of ecological ethics, common religion, non-violence). The author indicates that the dialectic negation of the negation law is manifested in the history of art, in the realization of its varied functions.

scholarly journals History of Mahakala Cult in Buryatia

2021 ◽  
pp. 273-288
Author(s):  
S. R. Batomunkueva
Keyword(s):  
Short Introduction ◽  
Buddhist Temple ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common

The history of the cult of Mahakala in Buryat Buddhism is considered. A short introduction to the history of the deity is presented. It is noted that this is one of the main patrons of the Geluk school, whose views and traditions have spread among the Buryats. A review of works containing the earliest information on the veneration of a deity in Buryat temples is carried out. It is reported that the cult of Mahakala in Buryatia is represented by the predominant veneration of its three forms: Six-armed, Four-faced and White Six-armed. The important role of the cult of Mahakala, which replaced the most revered shaman spirits-ongons in the common Mongolian world, is shown. It is reported that during the spread of Buddhism among the Buryats, the Sakyas direction with its main patron Gurgon Mahakala dominated among the Mongols. It is noted that, despite the Mongolian traditions, another — the Six-armed form of the deity — was established in Buryat Buddhism. The author believes that this is connected with the name of the first Pandito Khambo Lama Damba-Darzha Zayayev, who introduced veneration of this deity to Buryat Buddhism directly from Tibet and appointed him the patron of the first Buryat Buddhist temple. The conclusion is made about the significance of the Mahakala cult, which not only acquired great importance within the framework of its original religion, but also entered the system of shamanistic beliefs.

scholarly journals Adaptive Reuse of Industrial Heritage with Cultural-creative Industry

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 341-365
Author(s):  
Congcong Yao
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Reuse ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Urban Land ◽  
Creative Industry ◽  
Industrial Heritage ◽  
Development History ◽  
Development Trajectory ◽  
History Of ◽  
Quantitative And Qualitative Methods

This research aimed to explore the adaptive reuse pattern of the industrial heritage in the 798 Art District. It looks at how the relatively mature Cultural-creative industry links to urban regeneration activities, and what can be learnt from the redevelopment experience. In particular, it explores the role of the Cultural-creative industry and how it used the local industrial heritage to achieve the current layout and operation model of 798 art district. The adaptive reuse model of industrial heritage and the cultural–creative industry is assessed, the current issues and some targeted suggestions of 798 Art District are identified. During the historical evolution, the combination of the deserted urban land and the Cultural-creative industry worked as a successful redevelopment model. Although several studies have summarized of the development history of 798 Art District and its significant role in urban land and art markets, there has been little research on the role of creative class and industrial heritage in art districts and local tourism. This research will first provide literature review looking at the definition and development process of the Cultural-creative industry, the conservation and reuse of industrial heritage and the real-life cases of the reuse of industrial heritage in China. Then, the in-depth quantitative and qualitative methods are used to examine the development trajectory and characteristics of Beijing 798 Art District, the visitors’ tourist experience and the role of industrial heritage at the site. Ultimately, the discussion part will provide the comparison between 798 Art Districts with contemporaneous cases of industrial heritage reusing, and provide some recommendations to future development and operation.

Re-Telling the History of Political Thought

2002 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-49
Author(s):  
Katherine H. Bullock
Keyword(s):  
Political Theory ◽  
Political Thought ◽  
Philosophical Thinking ◽  
History Of Political Thought ◽  
Proper Role ◽  
History Of

This paper explores the construction of the canon of political theory. I argue that the interpretation of the canon that defines ancient pagan Greeks as the founders of western political thought, includes medieval Christian thinkers, and yet defines out Muslim and Jewish philosophers is based upon western eth­nocentric secular assumptions about the proper role of reason, experience and revelation in philosophical thinking.

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