proper role
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2022 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Diane M. Janosek

Governments in liberal democracies, such as the U.S. and in Europe, derive their authority from the consent of the people and exist for the “public good.” This chapter explores the proper role of government in communicating information and in enacting public health measures to prevent the spread of infection during a pandemic. This chapter includes historical context and exemplars of government policy makers' dissemination of COVID-19 health information, both accurate and inaccurate ones. Government officials have a responsibility to promote and support public policy initiatives that balance public safety with individual rights and self-determination. In some cases, citizens did not trust the government initiatives nor the associated misinformation or lockdowns. People reacted by exercising their right to protest. This chapter highlights government actions that were not based on accurate information and contributed to its spread and an increase of cyberchondria across the population, demonstrating the public good may not have been well served.


2021 ◽  
pp. 177-194
Author(s):  
Jennifer Forestal

The concluding chapter turns back to wider questions of democracy, taking up some of the challenges associated with the book’s project of democratizing digital environments. In particular, it addresses the authoritarian impulses of architecture—and the corresponding lack of faith in citizens that leads us to cede the work of building to others in the first place—as well as the “proper” role of experts in any project of democratization. It responds to these challenges by reaffirming a democratic faith in citizens’ capacities and highlighting the role of the built environment in nurturing them; by redesigning our digital environments, it argues, we can create conditions for these currently under-realized capacities to flourish. The chapter concludes by outlining strategies through which experts and citizens might collaborate to rebuild digital spaces democratically.


2021 ◽  
pp. 299-340
Author(s):  
Alex John London

This chapter argues that prospective review of research before bodies of diverse representation should not be understood as a paternalistic interference in the private interactions between researchers and participants. Instead, it is a mechanism for resolving a set of coordination problems that threaten the integrity of research. Its proper role is to provide credible social assurance that the research enterprise constitutes a voluntary scheme of cooperation through which diverse stakeholders can contribute to the common good without being subject to the arbitrary exercise of social authority including antipathy, abuse, coercion, domination, exploitation, or other forms of harmful, unfair, or disrespectful treatment. The limitations of prospective review are discussed, including the need for mechanisms that better address incentives for a wider range of stakeholders whose decisions shape the research agenda.


2021 ◽  
Vol In Press (In Press) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahra Mahmoudi ◽  
Mahsa Nikjoo ◽  
Alireza Rezaiemanesh ◽  
Majid Ahmadi ◽  
Daryoush Pourmand

Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a worldwide autoimmune disease. The disease has different etiologies, clinical and laboratory symptoms between different geographical and racial groups, and sufficient knowledge of the type of symptoms in each region can play a proper role in diagnosis and treatment. Objectives: This study was performed to evaluate demographic, clinical and laboratory features of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in Kermanshah. Methods: This study is descriptive, analytical and cross-sectional. The files of 150 patients with lupus during 2016 - 2018 in Imam Reza hospital in Kermanshah were reviewed. Results: Data analysis showed that patients at the time of referral were with musculoskeletal symptoms 37.3% (56 individuals), cutaneous-mucosal 32% (48 individuals), constitutional 51.3% (77 individuals), renal 62% (93 individuals), cardiac 6.7% (10 individuals), neurological manifestations 17.3% (26 individuals), pulmonary involvement 37.3% (56 individuals), and Hematological 71.3% (107 individuals). The anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) in 60% (90 individuals), anti-double strand DNA Antibody (anti-ds DNA) in 35.4% (53 individuals), C-Reactive Protein (CRP) in 44.6% (67 individuals), lower level of normal C3 and C4 in 33.3% (50 individuals) and 11.3% (17 individuals), respectively, lupus anticoagulant in 13.3% (20 individuals), antibody citrullinated peptide anti-cyclic (anti-CCP) in 14.9% (22 individuals), anticardiolipin IgM and IgG, in 6% (9 individuals) and 9.3% (14 individuals) of patients respectively were observed. Also, anemia was observed in 34% (51 individuals), leukopenia in 22% (33 individuals), and thrombocytopenia in 30.7% (46 individuals). Abnormal ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) was seen in 59.3% (89 individuals) of patients. Leukopenia in men and positive CRP in women were more common (P = 0.014, P = 0.004). Conclusions: Despite the diverse clinical and laboratory manifestations of SLE in different racial and geographical groups, paying attention to these differences in each region can effectively diagnose the disease. As in this study, hematological manifestations had a higher percentage in the population of lupus patients in Kermanshah.


2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-217
Author(s):  
Benny Phang Khong Wing

This article describes the meaning of conscience according to the definition presented by the Second Vatican Council in the light of Thomistic and Carmelite perspectives and explains the depth of this definition, in order to dispel misconceptions about the meaning of conscience that are widely circulated, and show its proper role in the edifice of moral theology. For this reason, this article elaborates on the harmonious correlation between the two dimensions of conscience, namely, synderesis and conscientia, as well as the harmonious correlation they have with the virtue of prudence which is perfected by the gift of counsel from the Holy Spirit. The pastoral aspect of this article is presented in the end by analyzing the importance of conscience revived by the Church as presented in the apostolic exhortation of Amoris Laetitia.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimiter Toshkov ◽  
Giulia Cretti

We study how individual and country-level variables interact in affecting political gender attitudes in Europe. Based on data from the 2017 Eurobarometer survey, we show that there are high levels of support for more women in politics and legal measures to achieve gender parity across the EU. In fact, more people, and women in particular, put higher trust in female compared to male political representatives than the other way round. We find that – at the individual level – gender, age and education have significant effects on political gender attitudes. Contrary to theory, however, the effect of gender is not mediated by beliefs about the proper role of women in politics and society. We also do not find support for the contextual effects of masculine culture and the religiosity of society, but we do uncover significant gaps in political gender attitudes between post-communist and other countries, especially for men. This gap is very significant in size and declines only marginally with the age of the respondent. Our study identifies men in post-communist countries as the group least likely to trust female politicians and support gender parity in politics in Europe. These attitudes are at least partly independent from stereotypes about gender roles.


2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue-jia Li ◽  
Fei Zhu ◽  
Bo Li ◽  
Dong Zhang ◽  
Cheng-Wei Liang

Introduction: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a dominant cause of morbidity and disability. As a chronic disease, its etiological risk factors and most therapies at present, are empirical and symptomatic. Regenerating gene 4 (Reg4) is involved in cell growth, survival, regeneration, adhesion, and resistance to apoptosis, which are partially thought to be the pathogenic mechanisms of OA. However, the proper role of Reg4 in OA is still unknown. Methods: In this study, a consecutive administration of rhReg4 was applied to normal Sprague-Dawley rats or rats after OA induction. Histological changes and chondrocyte proliferation in the articular cartilage were measured. Results: We found that RhReg4 promotes chondrocyte proliferation in normal rats, and RhReg4 attenuated the severity of OA in rats by promoting chondrocytes’ proliferation in OA rats. Conclusion: In conclusion, recombinant human regenerating gene 4 (rhReg4) attenuates the severity of osteoarthritis in OA animal models and may be used as a new method for the treatment of osteoarthritis.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Martin Curtice

SUMMARY The Court of Protection has the legal jurisdiction to make decisions about people who lack capacity to make decisions themselves (in England and Wales). When hearing cases, evidence can be provided to the court by expert witnesses and professionals. The Court of Protection Rules 2017 inform the practice and procedure within the Court of Protection. This article reviews the judgment from a Court of Protection case that analyses the proper role of the expert witness in the court. In doing so the article provides guidance to authors of expert witness reports and reports under section 49 of the Mental Capacity Act 2005 submitted as evidence to the court.


Author(s):  
Lirieka Meintjes-Van der Walt ◽  
Priviledge Dhliwayo

The sufficiency of DNA evidence alone, with regard to convicting accused persons, has been interrogated and challenged in criminal cases. The availability of offender databases and the increasing sophistication of crime scene recovery of evidence have resulted in a new type of prosecution in which the State's case focuses on match statistics to explain the significance of a match between the accused's DNA profile and the crime-scene evidence. A number of such cases have raised critical jurisprudential questions about the proper role of probabilistic evidence, and the misapprehension of match statistics by courts. This article, with reference to selected cases from specific jurisdictions, investigates the issue of DNA evidence as the exclusive basis for conviction and important factors such as primary, secondary and tertiary transfer, contamination, cold hits and match probability which can influence the reliability of basing a conviction on DNA evidence alone, are discussed.


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