6. Reef fish and other major predators

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Sheppard
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reef ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Reef Fish ◽  
Feeding Ecology ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Reef Fishes ◽  
Symbiotic Relationships ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Reef Communities

Healthy reefs provide a habitat for an immense number of fish that come in a variety of shapes, sizes, and colours. No other natural habitat in the ocean shows this diversity and abundance. About a quarter of all marine species may be found on coral reefs even though this habitat occupies only one or two per cent of the area of the earth. ‘Reef fish and other major predators’ describes the diverse feeding ecology of reef fishes; coral reef predators such as the colourful crown of thorns starfish, Acanthaster plancii; symbiotic relationships between different species of fish or with different invertebrates; and the dangers of overfishing in reef communities.

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN PERSENTASE TUTUPAN KARANG DENGAN KELIMPAHAN IKAN KARANG DI PULAU MENJANGAN KECIL, KEPULAUAN KARIMUNJAWA, KABUPATEN JEPARA,JAWA TENGAH (Relationship of Coral Cover Percentage with Reef Fishes Abundance in Menjangan Kecil Island, Karimunjawa Island, Jepara)

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 333-338
Author(s):  
Fahmi Fahmi ◽  
Supriharyono Supriharyono ◽  
Abdul Ghofar
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reef ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Reef Fish ◽  
Coral Cover ◽  
Reef Fishes ◽  
Line Transect ◽  
Live Coral ◽  
East Side ◽  
Visual Census ◽  
West Side

Ekosistem terumbu karang merupakan kekayaan sumberdaya laut yang memiliki peranan penting dalam mendukung kehidupan berbagai organisme perairan. Salah satu organisme yang memiliki ketergantungan hidup pada terumbu karang adalah ikan karang. Hal ini dikarenakan ikan karang melalui fase hidup sebagian atau seluruhnya di terumbu karang, sehingga terumbu karang menjadi tempat tinggal, tempat mencari makan, tempat berlindung dan tempat berkembang biak.  Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Mei 2017, dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui persentase tutupan karang hidup dan kelimpahan ikan. Serta hubungan persentase tutupan karang dengan kelimpahan ikan karang pada sisi Barat dan Timur Pulau Menjangan Kecil kedalaman 1 dan 3 meter. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode observasi lapangan, dengan metode sampling menggunakan transek garis (line transect) pada data karang dan visual census untuk data ikan sepanjang 25m. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Persentase rata-rata tutupan karang yang diperoleh pada kedalaman 1 meter sisi Barat adalah 73,39%, sedangkan pada kedalaman 3 meter adalah 85,97%. Persentase tutupan karang pada kedalaman 1 meter sisi Timur adalah 63,73%, sedangkan pada kedalaman 3 meter adalah 77,61%. Secara keseluruhan kondisi terumbu karang masih tergolong baik. Kelimpahan rata-rata ikan pada sisi Barat kedalaman 1 meter adalah 70 individu/125 m2, sedangkan pada kedalaman 3 meter adalah 232 individu/125 m2. Kelimpahan ikan sisi Timur kedalaman 1 dan 3 meter masing-masing adalah 49 dan 138 individu/125 m2. Hasil perhitungan indeks korelasi secara keseluruhan menghasilkan nilai 0,8415 dengan koefesien determinasi sebesar 0,7081. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pola hubungan persentase tutupan karang dengan kelimpahan ikan karang kuat (signifikan) dan positif (searah). Coral reef ecosystem is a wealth of marine resources that have an important role in supporting the life of various aquatic organisms. One of the organisms that has a living dependence on coral reefs is reef fish. This is because coral fish through a partial or complete life phase on the coral reef, so that coral reefs become a place to live, a place to find food, shelter and breeding ground. The study was conducted in May 2017, with the objective of knowing the percentage of live coral cover and fish abundance. And the correlation of percentage of coral cover with abundance of reef fish on West and East side of Menjangan Kecil Island depth of 1 and 3 meters. The method used is field observation method, with sampling method using line transect on coral data and visual census for fish data along 25m. The results of this study indicate that the average percentage of coral cover obtained at a depth of 1 meter west side is 73.39%, while at a depth of 3 meters is 85.97%. The percentage of coral cover at depth of 1 meter East side is 63,73%, while at depth 3 meter is 77,61%. Overall the condition of coral reefs is still quite good. The average abundance of fish on the west side of 1 meter depth is 70 individuals / 125 m2, while at 3 meters depth is 232 individuals / 125 m2. The abundance of fish on Eastern side, depth of 1 and 3 meters respectively were 49 and 138 individu / 125 m2. Result of calculation of correlation index as a whole yield value 0,8415 with coefficient of determination equal to 0,7081. This shows that the pattern of correlation of percentage of coral cover with abundance of reef fish is strong (significant) and positive (unidirectional).

scholarly journals Condition of Coral Fish in Tapanuli Tengah Waters

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Sasanti Retno Suharti ◽  
Isa Nagib Edrus
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Coral Reef ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Reef Fish ◽  
Reef Fishes ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Being ◽  
The World ◽  
Coral Fish ◽  
Complex Architecture

Coral reefs is a center for biodiversity in the world with a complex architecture and has an aesthetics value. It also offers beneficial for human being in many aspects such as economics, social and culture. Research was conducted in July 2016 and aim to understand community structure and biomass of coral reef fishes in Tapanuli Tengah waters. Result from all stations in Tapanuli Tengah waters showed that 49 species from seven families of economically reef fish i.e.  Acanthuridae, Serranidae, Haemulidae, Lutjanidae, Lehtrinidae, Siganidae and Scaridae were found. Density average of those seven families was 163 individual/350 m<sup>2</sup> or 4668 individual/ha with biomass average of 1.564 ton/ha. Moreover, biomass from other target fishes from nine families was accounted as 0.56 ton/ha. On the other hand, over all coralifore fish represented by Chaetodontidae was eight species from two genus, namely <em>Chaetodon</em> and <em>Heniochus </em>with four species. The density from family Chaetodotidae varies among station between 3-28 individual/350 m<sup>2</sup>

scholarly journals Coral reef fishes in the banks and rocky islands in the offshore waters of Binh Thuan province

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (4A) ◽  
pp. 259-271
Author(s):  
Mai Xuan Dat
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reef ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Reef Fish ◽  
Coral Reef Fish ◽  
Reef Fishes ◽  
Average Density ◽  
Coral Reef Fishes ◽  
South Central ◽  
Fish Group ◽  
Coast Of Vietnam

Binh Thuan province is located in the South Central Coast of Vietnam with favorable conditions for living coral reefs. The coral reefs were mainly investigated in coastal water areas and Phu Quy island, meanwhile other areas such as the banks and rocky islands seem to lack information. This study was conducted to evaluate the species composition and distribution of coral reef fish communities in the Royal Bishop banks and around rocky islands in Julia shoal in the offshore waters of Binh Thuan province in April 2019. A total of 151 species belonging to 86 genera and 33 families of coral reef fishes were recorded. Among them, 4 species for the first time recorded in Vietnam are Helcogramma striata (Hansen, 1986) (Tripterygiidae), Pseudanthias squamipinnis (Peters, 1855) (Serranidae), Bodianus bilunulatus (Lacepède, 1801) and Coris aygula (Lacepède, 1801) (Labridae). The total average density of coral reef fish in the offshore waters of Binh Thuan is quite high at 1,104.9 ± 617 individuals/250 m2, most of them are small sized fish and ornamental fish group, the large sized fish and target fish group accounts for a relatively low rate, but their density here is much higher compared to that in the coastal waters of Binh Thuan province. The comparative analysis also shows that sites in coral reef around rocky islands have species richness and density of coral reef fish higher than the bank area.

scholarly journals Experimental reef communities persist under future ocean acidification and warming

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Jury ◽  
Keisha Bahr ◽  
Evan Barba ◽  
Russell Brainard ◽  
Annick Cros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Species Richness ◽  
Coral Reef ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Functional State ◽  
Reef Communities ◽  
Paris Climate Agreement

Abstract Coral reefs are among the most sensitive ecosystems affected by ocean acidification and warming, and are predicted to shift from net accreting calcifier-dominated systems to net eroding algal-dominated systems over the coming decades. Here we present a long-term experimental study examining the responses of entire mesocosm coral reef communities to acidification (-0.2 pH units), warming (+ 2°C), and combined future ocean (-0.2 pH, + 2°C) treatments. We show that under future ocean conditions, net calcification rates declined yet remained positive, corals showed reduced abundance yet were not extirpated, and community composition shifted while species richness was maintained. Our results suggest that under Paris Climate Agreement targets, coral reefs could persist in an altered functional state rather than collapse.

scholarly journals KONDISI IKAN KARANG FAMILI CHAETODONTIDAE DI DAERAH PERLINDUNGAN LAUT DESA BAHOI KECAMATAN LIKUPANG BARAT KABUPATEN MINAHASA UTARA

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 92
Author(s):  
Jacqline Laikun ◽  
Ari B Rondonuwu ◽  
Unstain N.W.J. Rembet
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Coral Reef ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Reef Fish ◽  
Marine Protected Areas ◽  
Visual Census ◽  
Fish Family ◽  
Marine Life ◽  
Reef Condition

The coral reefs are a sundry of marine life. Which one is reef fish in family Chaetodontidae. This fish is  indicator of the coral reef condition. The aim from the research is : discover of spatial distribution of the reef fish family Chaetodontidae and find out of the intercourse of reef fish family Chaetodontidae with the coral reef presence based on growth of coral form. The research was do in the coral reef at Marine Protected Areas in Bahoi Village District of West Likupang North Minahasa Regency, on Tuesday, December 23rd, 2014. The research is using to do the surveying method. The data is collecting distribution of the fish Chaetodontidae (amount from species and individuals to using by technic visual census). The total of reef fish family Chaetodontidae those found in Marina Protected Areas in Bahoi Village is about 20 species, with total of the individuals at a depth of 3 meters and 10 meters is (56,66 and 57,33 individuals/150m2). Keywords : Coral reefs, Chaetodontidae, Bahoi   ABSTRAK Terumbu karang merupakan tempat berbagai macam biota laut. Salah satu Ikan karang adalah ikan famili Chaetodontidae. Ikan ini merupakan ikan indikator terumbu karang. Tujuan dari penelitian ini : mengetahui kelimpahan dari ikan karang famili Chaetodontidae. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Daerah Perlindungan Laut Desa Bahoi Kecamatan Likupang Barat Kabupaten Minahasa Utara, pada hari selasa, tanggal 23 Desember 2014. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode survey. Data yang dikumpulkan adalah kelimpahan ikan Chaetodontidae (Jumlah spesies dan individu dengan menggunakan teknik sensus visual). Jumlah ikan karang famili Chaetodontidae yang di temukan di Daerah Perlindungan Laut Desa Bahoi berjumlah 20 spesies, dengan jumlah individu pada kedalaman 3 meter dan 10 meter berjumlah (56,66 individu/150m2 dan 57,33/150m2 individu). Kata kunci : Terumbu karang, Chaetodontidae, Bahoi 1Bagian dari skripsi 2Mahasiswa Program Studi Manajemen Sumberdaya Perairan FPIK-UNSRAT 3Staf pengajar Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan Universitas Sam Ratulangi

scholarly journals DNA-based identification of predators of the corallivorous Crown-of-Thorns Starfish (Acanthaster cf. solaris) from fish faeces and gut contents

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederieke J. Kroon ◽  
Carine D. Lefèvre ◽  
Jason R. Doyle ◽  
Frances Patel ◽  
Grant Milton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reef ◽  
Reef Fish ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Coral Reef Fish ◽  
Coral Cover ◽  
Fish Predation ◽  
Reef Fishes ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Gut Contents ◽  
Reef Fish Species

Abstract The corallivorous Crown-of-Thorns Starfish (CoTS, Acanthaster spp.) has been linked with the widespread loss of scleractinian coral cover on Indo-Pacific reefs during periodic population outbreaks. Here, we re-examine CoTS consumption by coral reef fish species by using new DNA technologies to detect Pacific Crown-of-Thorns Starfish (Acanthaster cf. solaris) in fish faecal and gut content samples. CoTS DNA was detected in samples from 18 different coral reef fish species collected on reefs at various stages of CoTS outbreaks in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, nine of which had not been previously reported to feed on CoTS. A comprehensive set of negative and positive control samples confirmed that our collection, processing and analysis procedures were robust, although food web transfer of CoTS DNA cannot be ruled out for some fish species. Our results, combined with the (i) presence of CoTS spines in some samples, (ii) reported predation on CoTS gametes, larvae and settled individuals, and (iii) known diet information for fish species examined, strongly indicate that direct fish predation on CoTS may well be more common than is currently appreciated. We provide recommendations for specific management approaches to enhance predation on CoTS by coral reef fishes, and to support the mitigation of CoTS outbreaks and reverse declines in hard coral cover.

scholarly journals Olfactory responses of coral-reef fishes to coral degradation and crown-of-thorns (Acanthaster planci)

2016 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy G. Coppock ◽  
Naomi M. Gardiner ◽  
Geoffrey P. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reef ◽  
Reef Fish ◽  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Fish Assemblages ◽  
Reef Fishes ◽  
Live Coral ◽  
Acanthaster Planci ◽  
Olfactory Responses ◽  
Olfactory Stimuli ◽  
Coral Reef Ecosystems

Coral degradation is a major threat towards the biodiversity of coral-reef ecosystems, either through the physical effects of environmental change, or biological agents such as crown-of-thorns (Acanthaster planci). Coral loss is leading to significant declines in reef-fish assemblages, particularly those dependent on live coral as settlement sites. Most reef fishes use olfactory stimuli at settlement; however, their ability to detect chemical stimuli from degraded corals or A. planci is unknown. Here, olfactory responses of juvenile reef fishes to the presence of stressed corals and A. planci were tested. Juveniles of eight common coral-associated species were subjected to a series of pair-wise choice tests, where the period of time spent in two differing water sources was noted. All species demonstrated a significant attraction towards healthy coral (≥76%), avoiding cues emitted by stressed coral colonies. When given the choice between a control water (untreated reef water) and water containing chemical cues from A. planci, most species elicited no response. Finally, when given the choice between chemical cues derived from feeding A. planci or the control, all species avoided A. planci (≥70%). Our results indicated that juvenile reef fish are capable of distinguishing the state of coral health, but not directly from disturbance agents.

scholarly journals Struktur Komunitas Ikan Karang dan Tutupan Karang pada Terumbu Buatan Artificial Patch Reef (APR)

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-340
Author(s):  
Munasik Munasik ◽  
Aldion Adin Nugroho ◽  
Retno Hartati ◽  
Agus Sabdono ◽  
Sugiyanto Sugiyanto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Reef Fish ◽  
Coral Cover ◽  
Patch Reef ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Artificial Reef ◽  
Reef Fishes ◽  
Live Coral ◽  
Natural Coral

Artificial Patch Reef (APR) have been applied as a new method for Biodiversity Conservation Program at Panjang Island, Jepara since 2015. Previous study suggested that design and location of artificial reefs installation affected to abundance of reef fishes, associated with the artificial reef.  This study aims to investigated community structure of reef fishes associated to artificial patch reef comparing to reef fishes in nearby natural reefs. Assessment of coral reef condition on two habitats were conducted on July 2019, after 4 years deployment.  The results show that artificial patch reefs with a percentage of live coral cover are less than half of natural coral reefs, and have succeeded in increasing the abundance of reef fish with nearly the same density and community structure resembling reef fish in natural coral reefs. The similarity in community structure of the two habitats is probably due to the similarity in habitat type and morphology of the hard corals. The results indicate that Artificial Patch Reef (APR) reefs have increased the coral cover of Acropora branching and resulted in increased reef fish abundance which is compatible with reef fish communities associated with natural coral reefs around it. Aplikasi metode baru terumbu buatan Artificial patch Reef (APR) pada Program Konservasi Bioiversitas Pulau Panjang, Jepara telah dilakukan sejak 2015. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa pemilihan desain dan lokasi pemasangan terumbu buatan yang tepat akan meningkatkan kelimpahan ikan karang. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui keberhasilan penerapan terumbu buatan APR melalui kelimpahan ikan karang yang berasosiasi pada terumbu buatan dan terumbu karang alami di sekitarnya. Penilaian kondisi terumbu karang tersebut telah dilakukan pada Juli 2019 setelah 4 (empat) tahun pemasangan terumbu buatan. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa terumbu buatan dengan persentase tutupan karang hidup lebih kecil, separuhnya dari tutupan pada terumbu karang alami telah berhasil meningkatkan kelimpahan ikan karang dengan densitas hampir sama dan struktur komunitasnya menyerupai ikan karang yang berasosiasi dengan terumbu karang alami. Kesamaan struktur komunitas kedua habitat kemungkinan akibat kesamaan tipe habitat dan morfologi karang keras penyusunya. Hasil ini mengindikasikan bahwa terumbu buatan Artificial patch Reef (APR) telah meningkatkan tutupan karang bercabang Acropora dan berakibat terhadap meningkatnya kelimpahan ikan karang yang sesuai dengan komunitas ikan karang yang berasosiasi dengan terumbu karang alami di sekitarnya.

scholarly journals Coral Fishes in Coral Reef Waters of Sub District Maba, East Halmahera egency North Maluku Province

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ari Rondonuwu
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reef ◽  
Reef Fish ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Reef Fishes ◽  
Visual Census ◽  
Transect Line ◽  
Species Population ◽  
Target Fish ◽  
Species Richness And Abundance

This study aims to determine the distribution and abundance of reef fish in coral reef waters of Sub District Maba and was conducted at 10 stations. Data were collected by conducting visual census on the 50-meter transect line at 5 meters depth. In addition to revealing the number of species and abundance of coral fishes, data were analyzed to determine the diversity index (Shannon-Wiener). Based on field observations, most of the reef fishes  found in the Sub-district of Maba surrounding waters are being categorized to have less potential category (50%);  fair potential (41.67%); potential (8:33%); and  there is no population being classified in very potential category. Several locations have the potential reef fish condition were Jara-jara Cape, Gee Island, and Para-para Island.  Based on the existence of the target species population, in term of species richness and abundance, it is assumed that largely dominated by the target fish species that has low economic value. On the other hand target fish that has high economic value only consists of few species such as grouper, jacks, sweetlips, and snappers.   Keywords : coral fishes,  coral reef, sub district maba ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui distribusi dan kelimpahan ikan karang di perairan terumbu karang Kecamatan Maba. Penelitian dilakukan di 10 lokasi. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan metode sensus visual pada transek garis sepanjang 50 meter, kedalaman 5 meter. Selain mengungkapkan jumlah spesies dan kelimpahan individu, analisis data diarahkan untuk mengetahui indeks keanekeragaman (Shannon-Wiener).  Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan, sebagian besar sumberdaya ikan karang di wilayah Kecamatan Maba, telah masuk dalam kategori kurang potensial (50 %); cukup potensial (41,67 %); potensial (8.33%); dan tidak ada yang tergolong dalam kategori sangat potensial.  Lokasi-lokasi yang memiliki kondisi ikan karang yang potensial,  Tanjung Jara-jara, Pulau Gee, dan Pulau  Para-para. Keberadaan populasi spesies target, baik kekayaan spesies maupun kelimpahan individu, ternyata sebagian besar didominasi oleh jenis ikan target yang bernilai ekonomi/pasar rendah.  Beberapa jenis ikan yang memiliki nilai ekonimis penting ditemukan  seperti, kerapu, Sweetlips (bibir manis), Bobara, dan kakap. Keywords : coral fishes,  coral reef, sub district maba

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