Role of Brain, Ventral Nerve Cord, and Corpora Cardiaca-Corpora Allata Complex in the Reproductive Behavior of Female Tobacco Budworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

1998 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Ihl Park ◽  
Sonny B. Ramaswamy
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Behavior ◽  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Ventral Nerve Cord ◽  
Corpora Allata ◽  
Tobacco Budworm ◽  
Corpora Cardiaca ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

Morphology and Histology of the Neuroendocrine System of Bombus fervidus Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

1966 ◽  
Vol 98 (12) ◽  
pp. 1329-1337 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. Crosswhite ◽  
J. T. Medler
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Ventral Nerve Cord ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Neuroendocrine System ◽  
Corpora Allata ◽  
Corpora Cardiaca ◽  
Frontal Ganglion ◽  
Secretory Products

AbstractThe following organs were investigated histologically for evidence of neurosecretion during the adult life of Bombus fervidus queens: supra- and sub-oesophageal ganglia, frontal ganglion, ventral nerve cord, corpora cardiaca, and corpora allata. The anatomy and histology of these organs are described, along with the secretory products found in the median neurosccrerory cells. A type of neurosecretion that seems unique to Hymenoptera and that appears later in the life of the queen is discussed.

scholarly journals The AP2 clathrin adaptor protein complex regulates the abundance of GLR-1 glutamate receptors in the ventral nerve cord of Caenorhabditis elegans

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 1887-1900 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven D. Garafalo ◽  
Eric S. Luth ◽  
Benjamin J. Moss ◽  
Michael I. Monteiro ◽  
Emily Malkin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Ventral Nerve Cord ◽  
Secretory Pathway ◽  
Adaptor Protein ◽  
Intracellular Compartments ◽  
Clathrin Adaptor ◽  
Strength And Plasticity

Regulation of glutamate receptor (GluR) abundance at synapses by clathrin-mediated endocytosis can control synaptic strength and plasticity. We take advantage of viable, null mutations in subunits of the clathrin adaptor protein 2 (AP2) complex in Caenorhabditis elegans to characterize the in vivo role of AP2 in GluR trafficking. In contrast to our predictions for an endocytic adaptor, we found that levels of the GluR GLR-1 are decreased at synapses in the ventral nerve cord (VNC) of animals with mutations in the AP2 subunits APM-2/μ2, APA-2/α, or APS-2/σ2. Rescue experiments indicate that APM-2/μ2 functions in glr-1–expressing interneurons and the mature nervous system to promote GLR-1 levels in the VNC. Genetic analyses suggest that APM-2/μ2 acts upstream of GLR-1 endocytosis in the VNC. Consistent with this, GLR-1 accumulates in cell bodies of apm-2 mutants. However, GLR-1 does not appear to accumulate at the plasma membrane of the cell body as expected, but instead accumulates in intracellular compartments including Syntaxin-13– and RAB-14–labeled endosomes. This study reveals a novel role for the AP2 clathrin adaptor in promoting the abundance of GluRs at synapses in vivo, and implicates AP2 in the regulation of GluR trafficking at an early step in the secretory pathway.

scholarly journals Potential role of a ventral nerve cord central pattern generator in forward and backward locomotion in Caenorhabditis elegans

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erick O. Olivares ◽  
Eduardo J. Izquierdo ◽  
Randall D. Beer
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Ventral Nerve Cord ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Central Pattern Generators ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Segmentation Analysis ◽  
Pattern Generators ◽  
Neural Unit

C. elegans locomotes in an undulatory fashion, generating thrust by propagating dorsoventral bends along its body. Although central pattern generators (CPGs) are typically involved in animal locomotion, their presence in C. elegans has been questioned, mainly because there has been no evident circuit that supports intrinsic network oscillations. With a fully reconstructed connectome, the question of whether it is possible to have a CPG in the ventral nerve cord (VNC) of C. elegans can be answered through computational models. We modeled a repeating neural unit based on segmentation analysis of the connectome. We then used an evolutionary algorithm to determine the unknown physiological parameters of each neuron so as to match the features of the neural traces of the worm during forward and backward locomotion. We performed 1,000 evolutionary runs and consistently found configurations of the neural circuit that produced oscillations matching the main characteristic observed in experimental recordings. In addition to providing an existence proof for the possibility of a CPG in the VNC, we suggest a series of testable hypotheses about its operation. More generally, we show the feasibility and fruitfulness of a methodology to study behavior based on a connectome, in the absence of complete neurophysiological details.

Physiology of Pupal Ecdysis in the Tobacco Hornworm, Manduca Sexta: II. Chemistry, Distribution, and Release of Eclosion Hormone at Pupal Ecdysis

1980 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 339-350
Author(s):  
PAUL H. TAGHERT ◽  
JAMES W. TRUMAN ◽  
STUART E. REYNOLDS
Keyword(s):  
Manduca Sexta ◽  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Ventral Nerve Cord ◽  
Release Site ◽  
Apparent Molecular Weight ◽  
Corpora Allata ◽  
Eclosion Hormone ◽  
Essentially Normal ◽  
Circadian Control ◽  
The Brain

Eclosion hormone activity was found in the brain and ventral ganglia of pharate pupae of Manduca sexta. No activity was detected in the corpora cardiaca-corpora allata complex. At the time of ecdysis the store of activity dropped by 50–75% in the ventral cord whereas the hormone level in the brain remained unchanged. Also, larvae whose brains were removed at the wandering stage subsequently showed pupal ecdysis behaviour and also had essentially normal levels of hormonal activity in their blood at the start of the behaviour. It was concluded that at pupal ecdysis the hormone responsible for the initiation of the behaviour is released from the ventral nerve cord rather than from the brain. The chemical characteristics of the pharate pupal eclosion hormone were determined. The factors from the brain and ventral nerve cord were both active in a number of adult and pupal eclosion hormone bioassays. Both showed an apparent molecular weight of 8500 daltons and an isoelectric point of about 5·0, values essentially the same as that seen for the adult form of the hormone. We concluded that pupal ecdysis and adult eclosion are triggered by the same hormone but for the former it is released from the ventral nerve cord and, for the latter, from the brain. The choice of release site may depend on whether or not the release is under circadian control.

scholarly journals Suppression of a Novel Vitellogenesis-Inhibiting Hormone Significantly Increases Ovarian Vitellogenesis in the Black Tiger Shrimp, Penaeus monodon

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phaivit Laphyai ◽  
Thanapong Kruangkum ◽  
Charoonroj Chotwiwatthanakun ◽  
Wanita Semchuchot ◽  
Prawporn Thaijongrak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Ventral Nerve Cord ◽  
Penaeus Monodon ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Stomatogastric Nervous System ◽  
Eyestalk Ablation ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
The Brain

In this study, a novel Crustacean Hyperglycemic Hormone-type II gene (CHH-type II) was identified and biologically characterized in a shrimp, Penaeus monodon. Based on its structure and function, this gene was named P. monodon vitellogenesis-inhibiting hormone (PemVIH). The complete cDNA sequence of PemVIH consisted of 1,022 nt with an open reading frame (ORF) of 339 nt encoding a polypeptide of 112 amino acids. It was classified as a member of the CHH-type II family based on conserved cysteine residues, a characteristically positioned glycine residue, and the absence of CHH precursor-related peptide (CPRP) domain. The deduced mature PemVIH shared the highest sequence similarities with giant river prawn sinus gland peptide A. Unlike P. monodon gonad-inhibiting hormone (PemGIH), PemVIH was expressed only in the brain and ventral nerve cord, but not the eyestalks. Whole mount immunofluorescence using a newly generated PemVIH antiserum detected positive signals in neuronal cluster 9/11 and 17 of the brain, commissural ganglion (CoG), and neuronal clusters of ventral nerve cord. The presence of PemVIH-positive neurons in CoG, a part of stomatogastric nervous system, suggested a potential mechanism for crosstalk between nutritional and reproductive signaling. The role of PemVIH in vitellogenesis was evaluated using RNA interference technique. Temporal knockdown of PemVIH in female subadults resulted in a 3-fold increase in ovarian vitellogenin expression, suggesting an inhibitory role of PemVIH in vitellogenesis. This study provided novel insight into the control of vitellogenesis and additional strategies for improving ovarian maturation in P. monodon without the current harmful practice of eyestalk ablation.

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