Determination by molecular analysis of the presence of nominate Papilio demoleus Linnaeus, 1758 (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) in Mediterranean Syria and of confirmed range expansion of this swallowtail species into Lebanon

By means of molecular analysis, we confirm nominotypical Papilio demoleus demoleus as the subspecies to have invaded and spread extensively throughout Syria's major citrus-growing regions in the Mediterranean, in little over a year. We discuss the species' range expansion in the Middle East, its discovery in Lebanon and its likely further spread along eastern, southern and northern coasts of the Mediterranean.

A review of current range expansion of Cacyreus marshalli Butler, 1898 (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae, Polyommatinae) in western Turkey

In recent decades Cacyreus marshalli, an introduced alien lycaenid, has attracted attention due to its rapid spread throughout much of the Mediterranean and into mainland Europe. C.marshalli and more recently Papilio demoleus are invasive butterfly species actively expanding their ranges in the Mediterranean basin in recent years. In 2018, the authors participated in a paper describing the range expansion of C. marshalli in Greece and Turkey, since when the species has established a significant presence in İstanbul, in contrast to our expectations of eastward dispersal along the Mediterranean coast of Turkey. Here, we discuss the present status of C. marshalli in Turkey and consider the direction of possible future range extension.

Westward Palaearctic range expansion of Papilio demoleus Linnaeus, 1758 (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) and its arrival at Mediterranean coastal regions of Turkey and Syria

We review the continuing and extensive spread of Papilio demoleus in south-eastern Turkey and in regions of Turkey and Syria adjacent to the north-eastern Mediterranean. Since the authors documented the arrival of this attractive but potentially destructive papilionid species at coastal areas of Syria in 2019, regular monitoring has confirmed successful overwintering there, as well as in Turkey. As previously indicated, P. demoleus is widely recognized as an invasive pest species in Citrus-growing areas of the world and hence its arrival is of potential economic importance to a region in which citrus is widely grown.

Konservasi Kupu-kupu Papilio demoleus Linn. (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) dengan Teknologi Makanan Buatan

The purpose of the research is to study and increase of lime butterfly (Papilio demoleus L.) population used artificial diets, then avoid endangered species status of butterfly in nature. For the future, result of research giving more information about mass rearing techniques of P. demoleus butterflies using artificial diet. P. demoleus larvae and pupae were collected from pomelo (Citrus maxima L.) in the yard of communities in the Pattunuang Resort, Maros district, South Sulawesi. The pomelo leaves as the main food source of P. demoleus larvae taken from the farm around Bontomate'ne village, Pangkep district, South Sulawesi. The experimental activities were conducted in the Pest Laboratory, Pests and Plant Diseases Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University from February to April 2019. The treatment for P. demoleus larvae were: P0 = fresh pomelo leaves (control); P1 = 35% red bean flour + 35% pomelo leaves + 30% vitamin, water agar, and other ingredients; P2 = 25% red bean flour + 25% soybean flour + 25% pomelo leaves + 25% vitamin, water agar, and other ingredients. Ten 2nd instar of P. demoleus larvae were placed in the plastic containers (diameter = 8 cm, height = 6 cm) covered with gauze, respectively. The fresh pomelo leaves given in whole form, while artificial diet in gel form given as much as 5 g for each larvae in the container. Every day the container was cleaned from food and larvae faeces. The experiments were arranged in Randomized Block Design with four treatments and ten replications. The result was showed P0 is the highest number increasing body weight of P. demoleus larvae. The second highest result increasing P. demoleus body weight was showed by P2 since 2nd instar (0.74 g) until four instar (0.87 g). Observation body length of P. demoleus, P0 was showed the highest number increasing the parameter. The second highest result of body length was showed at P2 started 2nd instar (0.24 cm) through four instar (1.72 cm). Findings at sex ratio and survival, P0 was showed the highest number adult of P. demoleus (8 individual), P2 (3 individual) and P1 (1 individual), respectively. The highest sex ratio of female P. demoleus resulted by P0 (3 individual), P2 (1 individual), respectively. The conclusion is : P2 made from red bean flour + soy bean flour + leaves of pomelo increasing body weight and length of P. demoleus larvae. P1 (red bean flour + leaves of pomelo) treatment was showed the lowest number in development of P. demoleus.