scholarly journals The AP2 clathrin adaptor protein complex regulates the abundance of GLR-1 glutamate receptors in the ventral nerve cord of Caenorhabditis elegans

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 1887-1900 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven D. Garafalo ◽  
Eric S. Luth ◽  
Benjamin J. Moss ◽  
Michael I. Monteiro ◽  
Emily Malkin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Ventral Nerve Cord ◽  
Secretory Pathway ◽  
Adaptor Protein ◽  
Intracellular Compartments ◽  
Clathrin Adaptor ◽  
Strength And Plasticity

Regulation of glutamate receptor (GluR) abundance at synapses by clathrin-mediated endocytosis can control synaptic strength and plasticity. We take advantage of viable, null mutations in subunits of the clathrin adaptor protein 2 (AP2) complex in Caenorhabditis elegans to characterize the in vivo role of AP2 in GluR trafficking. In contrast to our predictions for an endocytic adaptor, we found that levels of the GluR GLR-1 are decreased at synapses in the ventral nerve cord (VNC) of animals with mutations in the AP2 subunits APM-2/μ2, APA-2/α, or APS-2/σ2. Rescue experiments indicate that APM-2/μ2 functions in glr-1–expressing interneurons and the mature nervous system to promote GLR-1 levels in the VNC. Genetic analyses suggest that APM-2/μ2 acts upstream of GLR-1 endocytosis in the VNC. Consistent with this, GLR-1 accumulates in cell bodies of apm-2 mutants. However, GLR-1 does not appear to accumulate at the plasma membrane of the cell body as expected, but instead accumulates in intracellular compartments including Syntaxin-13– and RAB-14–labeled endosomes. This study reveals a novel role for the AP2 clathrin adaptor in promoting the abundance of GluRs at synapses in vivo, and implicates AP2 in the regulation of GluR trafficking at an early step in the secretory pathway.

scholarly journals Mutations Affecting Nerve Attachment of Caenorhabditis elegans

Genetics ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 157 (4) ◽  
pp. 1611-1622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Go Shioi ◽  
Michinari Shoji ◽  
Masashi Nakamura ◽  
Takeshi Ishihara ◽  
Isao Katsura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Ventral Nerve Cord ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
The Body ◽  
Genetic Loci ◽  
Muscle Attachment ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Ventral Cord ◽  
Excretory Canal

Abstract Using a pan-neuronal GFP marker, a morphological screen was performed to detect Caenorhabditis elegans larval lethal mutants with severely disorganized major nerve cords. We recovered and characterized 21 mutants that displayed displacement or detachment of the ventral nerve cord from the body wall (Ven: ventral cord abnormal). Six mutations defined three novel genetic loci: ven-1, ven-2, and ven-3. Fifteen mutations proved to be alleles of previously identified muscle attachment/positioning genes, mup-4, mua-1, mua-5, and mua-6. All the mutants also displayed muscle attachment/positioning defects characteristic of mua/mup mutants. The pan-neuronal GFP marker also revealed that mutants of other mua/mup loci, such as mup-1, mup-2, and mua-2, exhibited the Ven defect. The hypodermis, the excretory canal, and the gonad were morphologically abnormal in some of the mutants. The pleiotropic nature of the defects indicates that ven and mua/mup genes are required generally for the maintenance of attachment of tissues to the body wall in C. elegans.

scholarly journals Role of the Endocytic Machinery in the Sorting of Lysosome-associated Membrane Proteins

2005 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. 4231-4242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katy Janvier ◽  
Juan S. Bonifacino
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Coat Protein ◽  
Membrane Proteins ◽  
Adaptor Protein ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sorting Signals ◽  
Efficient Delivery ◽  
Endocytic Machinery

The limiting membrane of the lysosome contains a group of transmembrane glycoproteins named lysosome-associated membrane proteins (Lamps). These proteins are targeted to lysosomes by virtue of tyrosine-based sorting signals in their cytosolic tails. Four adaptor protein (AP) complexes, AP-1, AP-2, AP-3, and AP-4, interact with such signals and are therefore candidates for mediating sorting of the Lamps to lysosomes. However, the role of these complexes and of the coat protein, clathrin, in sorting of the Lamps in vivo has either not been addressed or remains controversial. We have used RNA interference to show that AP-2 and clathrin—and to a lesser extent the other AP complexes—are required for efficient delivery of the Lamps to lysosomes. Because AP-2 is exclusively associated with plasma membrane clathrin coats, our observations imply that a significant population of Lamps traffic via the plasma membrane en route to lysosomes.

scholarly journals PACS-1 and Adaptor Protein-1 Mediate ACTH Trafficking to the Regulated Secretory Pathway

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brennan S. Dirk ◽  
Christopher End ◽  
Emily N. Pawlak ◽  
Logan R. Van Nynatten ◽  
Rajesh Abraham Jacob ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Trafficking ◽  
Secretory Pathway ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Adaptor Protein ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cellular Membrane ◽  
Extracellular Milieu ◽  
Specialized Form ◽  
Regulated Secretory Pathway ◽  
Clathrin Adaptor

ABSTRACTThe regulated secretory pathway is a specialized form of protein secretion found in endocrine and neuroendocrine cell types. Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) is a pro-hormone that utilizes this pathway to be trafficked to dense core secretory granules (DCSGs). Within this organelle, POMC is processed to multiple bioactive hormones that play key roles in cellular physiology. However, the complete set of cellular membrane trafficking proteins that mediate the correct sorting of POMC to DCSGs remain unknown. Here, we report the roles of the phosphofurin acidic cluster sorting protein – 1 (PACS-1) and the clathrin adaptor protein 1 (AP-1) in the targeting of POMC to DCSGs. Upon knockdown of PACS-1 and AP-1, POMC is readily secreted into the extracellular milieu and fails to be targeted to DCSGs.

scholarly journals Enhancement of Methacholine-Evoked Tracheal Contraction Induced by Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides Depends on Epithelium and Tumor Necrosis Factor

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Secher ◽  
F. Rodrigues Coelho ◽  
N. Noulin ◽  
A. Lino dos Santos Franco ◽  
V. Quesniaux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Contractile Response ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Adaptor Protein ◽  
Respiratory Pattern ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Factor Alpha ◽  
Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides ◽  
Necrosis Factor

Inhaled bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) induce an acute tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α-) dependent inflammatory response in the murine airways mediated by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) via the myeloid differentiation MyD88 adaptor protein pathway. However, the contractile response of the bronchial smooth muscle and the role of endogenous TNFα in this process have been elusive. We determined the in vivo respiratory pattern of C57BL/6 mice after intranasal LPS administration with or without the presence of increasing doses of methacholine (MCh). We found that LPS administration altered the basal and MCh-evoked respiratory pattern that peaked at 90 min and decreased thereafter in the next 48 h, reaching basal levels 7 days later. We investigated in controlled ex vivo condition the isometric contraction of isolated tracheal rings in response to MCh cholinergic stimulation. We observed that preincubation of the tracheal rings with LPS for 90 min enhanced the subsequent MCh-induced contractile response (hyperreactivity), which was prevented by prior neutralization of TNFα with a specific antibody. Furthermore, hyperreactivity induced by LPS depended on an intact epithelium, whereas hyperreactivity induced by TNFα was well maintained in the absence of epithelium. Finally, the enhanced contractile response to MCh induced by LPS when compared with control mice was not observed in tracheal rings from TLR4- or TNF- or TNF-receptor-deficient mice. We conclude that bacterial endotoxin-mediated hyperreactivity of isolated tracheal rings to MCh depends upon TLR4 integrity that signals the activation of epithelium, which release endogenous TNFα.

scholarly journals Netrin UNC-6 and the Regulation of Branching and Extension of Motoneuron Axons from the Ventral Nerve Cord of Caenorhabditis elegans

1999 ◽  
Vol 19 (16) ◽  
pp. 7048-7056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoo-Shick Lim ◽  
Smita Mallapur ◽  
Gautam Kao ◽  
Xing-Cong Ren ◽  
William G. Wadsworth
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Ventral Nerve Cord

scholarly journals MEC-2 and MEC-6 in the Caenorhabditis elegans Sensory Mechanotransduction Complex: Auxiliary Subunits that Enable Channel Activity

2008 ◽  
Vol 131 (6) ◽  
pp. 605-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Austin L. Brown ◽  
Zhiwen Liao ◽  
Miriam B. Goodman
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Single Channel ◽  
Divalent Cations ◽  
Surface Expression ◽  
Homologous Proteins ◽  
Auxiliary Subunits ◽  
Single Channel Currents ◽  
Cholesterol Binding

The ion channel formed by the homologous proteins MEC-4 and MEC-10 forms the core of a sensory mechanotransduction channel in Caenorhabditis elegans. Although the products of other mec genes are key players in the biophysics of transduction, the mechanism by which they contribute to the properties of the channel is unknown. Here, we investigate the role of two auxiliary channel subunits, MEC-2 (stomatin-like) and MEC-6 (paraoxonase-like), by coexpressing them with constitutively active MEC-4/MEC-10 heteromeric channels in Xenopus oocytes. This work extends prior work demonstrating that MEC-2 and MEC-6 synergistically increase macroscopic current. We use single-channel recordings and biochemistry to show that these auxiliary subunits alter function by increasing the number of channels in an active state rather than by dramatically affecting either single-channel properties or surface expression. We also use two-electrode voltage clamp and outside-out macropatch recording to examine the effects of divalent cations and proteases, known regulators of channel family members. Finally, we examine the role of cholesterol binding in the mechanism of MEC-2 action by measuring whole-cell and single-channel currents in MEC-2 mutants deficient in cholesterol binding. We suggest that MEC-2 and MEC-6 play essential roles in modulating both the local membrane environment of MEC-4/MEC-10 channels and the availability of such channels to be gated by force in vivo.

scholarly journals Src-like Adaptor Protein Promotes the CD103+ dendritic Cell Homeostasis in the Lung

Blood ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 128 (22) ◽  
pp. 1339-1339
Author(s):  
Namit Sharma ◽  
Pan Zhongda ◽  
Tracy Lauren Smith ◽  
Savar Kaul ◽  
Emilie Ernoult ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Adaptor Protein ◽  
Cell Receptor ◽  
Apoptotic Cells ◽  
Direct Role

Abstract Dendritic cells (DCs) along with mast cells function as sentinels for the innate immune system and perform as antigen presenting cells (APCs) to mount an adaptive immune response against invading pathogen. FLT3 receptor tyrosine kinase signaling has been shown to regulate the homeostatic mechanisms of subsets of DCs particularly, CD103+DCs compared to CD11b+DCs. CD103+DCs are regarded as APCs with superior capabilities to mount an effective immune response, thus understanding their homeostasis mechanism(s)/function is of paramount importance to devise effective therapeutics including DC vaccines. The Src-like adapter protein (SLAP) has been shown to dampen the signaling downstream of receptor tyrosine kinases including FLT3, cKit, and immune cell receptors including T cell receptor, B cell receptor, and Granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor receptor via by recruiting c-Cbl, an ubiquitin ligase. Here, we report that SLAP deficient mice (KO) have reduced numbers of CD103+DC in lung while equal numbers in liver and kidney compared to control mice. To further confirm reduced CD103+DC in the lung, efferocytosis assays that are dependent upon CD+103 DC in lung epithelium to cleanse the apoptotic cells were performed. Flow cytometric quantification of CD103+DCs that uptake fluorescently labeled apoptotic cells administered via intranasal route and migrate to mediastinal lymph nodes confirmed reduced number of CD103+DCs in SLAP KO mice. Further analysis of DC progenitor populations showed reduced pre-DC progenitor in the lung in SLAP KO mice while bone marrow compartment showed equal progenitor populations including pre-DC and common dendritic progenitors suggesting the role of SLAP in localized FLT3 signaling in the lung. Consistently, DCs in lymphoid compartment including spleen, thymus, inguinal and popliteal lymph node did not show any defects. Upon further dissecting the cellular mechanism, SLAP KO DCs showed increased apoptosis while having similar proliferation potential in vivo at steady state.Bone marrow progenitors from SLAP KO mice failed to generate mature DCs in the presence of FLT3 ligand in vitrodue to enhanced apoptosis at early time points. Also, submaximal inhibition of FLT3 with an inhibitor, quizartinib partially rescues the apoptotic phenotype of SLAP KO bone marrow progenitors suggesting a cell-intrinsic role of SLAP in the survival of DCs. Biochemical analysis revealed that SLAP is directly recruited to the juxta-membrane residues of the FLT3 receptor in an inducible manner suggesting a direct role of SLAP in the regulation of FLT3 signaling. Phosphoflow analysis of DCs generated in the combined presence of GMCSF and FLT3 ligands showed that SLAP promotes the signaling to SHP2 while perturbs signaling to the mTOR pathway. Together these results suggest that SLAP is a critical regulator of CD103+DCs homeostasis in selective peripheral organs including the lung. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals Interactions with Commensal and Pathogenic Bacteria Induce HIV-1 Latency in Macrophages through Altered Transcription Factor Recruitment to the LTR

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory A. Viglianti ◽  
Vicente Planelles ◽  
Timothy M. Hanley
Keyword(s):  
Adaptor Protein ◽  
Type I ◽  
Major Barrier ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Tissue Microenvironment ◽  
Viral Spread ◽  
Latent Hiv ◽  
Hiv 1

Macrophages are infected by HIV-1 in vivo and contribute to both viral spread and pathogenesis. Recent human and animal studies suggest that HIV-1-infected macrophages serve as a reservoir that contributes to HIV-1 persistence during anti-retroviral therapy. The ability of macrophages to serve as persistent viral reservoirs is likely influenced by the local tissue microenvironment, including interactions with pathogenic and commensal microbes. Here we show that the sexually transmitted pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) and the gut-associated microbe Escherichia coli (E. coli), which encode ligands for both Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4, repressed HIV-1 replication in macrophages and thereby induced a state reminiscent of viral latency. This repression was mediated by signaling through TLR4 and the adaptor protein TRIF and was associated with increased production of type I interferons. Inhibiting TLR4 signaling, blocking type 1 interferon, or knocking-down TRIF reversed LPS- and GC-mediated repression of HIV-1. Finally, the repression of HIV-1 in macrophages was associated with the recruitment of interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) to the interferon stimulated response element (ISRE) downstream of the 5’ HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR). Our data indicate that IRF8 is responsible for repression of HIV-1 replication in macrophages in response to TRIF-dependent signaling during GC and E. coli co-infection. These findings highlight the potential role of macrophages as HIV-1 reservoirs as well as the role of the tissue microenvironment and co-infections as modulators of HIV-1 persistence. IMPORTANCE The major barrier toward the eradication of HIV-1 infection is the presence of a small reservoir of latently infected cells, which include CD4+ T cells and macrophages that escape immune-mediated clearance and the effects of anti-retroviral therapy. There remain crucial gaps in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that lead to transcriptionally silent or latent HIV-1 infection of macrophages. The significance of our research is in identifying microenvironmental factors, such as commensal and pathogenic microbes, that can contribute to the establishment and maintenance of latent HIV-1 infection in macrophages. It is hoped that identifying key processes contributing to HIV-1 persistence in macrophages may ultimately lead to novel therapeutics to eliminate latent HIV-1 reservoirs in vivo.

Role of myristoylation in membrane attachment and function of G alpha i-3 on Golgi membranes

1996 ◽  
Vol 270 (5) ◽  
pp. C1362-C1369 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. H. Brand ◽  
E. J. Holtzman ◽  
D. A. Scher ◽  
D. A. Ausiello ◽  
J. L. Stow
Keyword(s):  
Secretory Pathway ◽  
Vesicle Trafficking ◽  
Regulatory Element ◽  
Metabolic Labeling ◽  
Cytosol Fraction ◽  
Golgi Membranes ◽  
Gamma Subunits

Heterotrimeric G protein alpha-subunits localized on the cytoplasmic face of Golgi membranes are involved in regulating vesicle trafficking and protein secretion. We investigated the role of myristoylation in attachment of the G alpha i-3 subunit to Golgi membranes. G alpha i-3 was epitope-tagged by insertion of a FLAG sequence at an NH2-terminal site predicted to interfere with myristoylation, and the resulting NT-alpha i-3 construct was stably transfected and expressed in polarized epithelial LLC-PK1 cells. Metabolic labeling confirmed that the translation product of NT-alpha i-3 was not myristoylated. In contrast to endogenous G alpha 1-3, which is tightly bound to Golgi membranes, the unmyristoylated FLAG-tagged NT-alpha i-3 did not attach to membranes; it was localized by immunofluorescence in the cytoplasm of LLC-PK1 cells and was detected only in the cytosol fraction of cell homogenates. Pertussis toxin-dependent ADP-ribosylation was used to test the ability of NT-alpha i-3 to interact with membrane-bound beta gamma-subunits. In both in vitro and in vivo assays, cytosolic NT-alpha i-3 alone was not ADP-ribosylated, although in the presence of membranes it could interact with G beta gamma-subunits to form heterotrimers. The expression of NT-alpha i-3 in LLC-PK1 cells altered the rate of basolateral secretion of sulfated proteoglycans, consistent with the demonstrated function of endogenous G alpha i-3. These data are consistent with a model in which G alpha i-3 utilizes NH2-terminal myristoylation to bind to Golgi membranes and to maximize its interaction with G beta gamma-subunits. Furthermore, our results show that stable attachment of G alpha i-3 to Golgi membranes is not required for it to participate as a regulatory element in vesicle trafficking in the secretory pathway.

scholarly journals Antagonistic regulation of trafficking to Caenorhabditis elegans sensory cilia by a Retinal Degeneration 3 homolog and retromer

2017 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. E438-E447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis A. Martínez-Velázquez ◽  
Niels Ringstad
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Retinal Degeneration ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Secretory Pathway ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Sensory Modality ◽  
Retinal Dystrophy ◽  
Sensory Transduction ◽  
Sensory Receptor

Sensory neurons often possess cilia with elaborate membrane structures that are adapted to the sensory modality of the host cell. Mechanisms that target sensory transduction proteins to these specialized membrane domains remain poorly understood. Here, we show that a homolog of the human retinal dystrophy gene Retinal Degeneration 3 (RD3) is a Golgi-associated protein required for efficient trafficking of a sensory receptor, the receptor-type guanylate cyclase GCY-9, to cilia in chemosensory neurons of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The trafficking defect caused by mutation of the nematode RD3 homolog is suppressed in vivo by mutation of key components of the retromer complex, which mediates recycling of cargo from endosomes to the Golgi. Our data show that there exists a critical balance in sensory neurons between the rates of anterograde and retrograde trafficking of cargo destined for the sensory cilium and this balance requires molecular specialization at an early stage of the secretory pathway.

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