Bioassay, Laboratory Tests of Beauveria Bassiana, Bacillus Thuringiensis, and a Feeding Stimulant on Leafroller Larvae, 1994

Abstract Beauveria bassiana (Naturalis-L), two B. thuringiensis products (Dipel and Troy Bt), and a feeding stimulant (Konsume) combined with a B. thuringiensis product were evaluated using a leaf-dip bioassay method for their effect on PLR and OBLR larvae. Treatments were prepared by diluting the appropriate amt of product (see table) in 500 ml water in a glass beaker. The Konsume treatments received a constant 1X rate of Dipel and 4X-0.25X rates of Konsume. A small amt (about 2 ml) of wetting agent, X-77®, was added to each treatment. An untreated control was prepared using water plus the wetting agent only. Untreated apple leaves were collected from ‘Red Delicious’ trees at the WSU Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Wenatchee. Leaves were dipped, then allowed to dry. Two punches (2.3 cm diameter) were taken from each leaf. Four punches were placed in a petri dish (Falcon 1006, 50 × 9 mm). Petri dishes were chosen randomly, and five 1- to 2-d-old leafroller larvae were placed on the leaf disks. The petri dish lid was put in place and dishes were placed inside a food storage container and kept at 75°F (± 2°F) constant temperature and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h. Petri dishes were examined after 7 d and larval survival recorded. Ten dishes were used for each treatment (50 larvae per treatment).

Download Full-text

Bioassay, Effect of Spinosad on Neonate Leafroller Larvae, 1995

Arthropod Management Tests ◽

10.1093/amt/21.1.412 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 412-412

Author(s):

J. F. Brunner ◽

M. D. Doerr

Keyword(s):

Petri Dish ◽

Larval Survival ◽

Wetting Agent ◽

Food Storage ◽

Storage Container ◽

Tree Fruit ◽

Petri Dishes ◽

Extension Center ◽

Leaf Disks ◽

Glass Beaker

Abstract Spinosad DE-105 1.6% was evaluated using a leaf-dip bioassay method for its effect on PLR and OBLR larvae. Treatments were prepared by diluting the appropriate amount of product (see table) in 500 ml water in a glass beaker. A small amount (approximately 2 u.1) of wetting agent, Latron B-1956, was added to each treatment. An untreated control was prepared using water plus the wetting agent only. Untreated apple leaves were collected from Delicious trees at the WSU Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Wenatchee. Leaves were dipped, then allowed to dry. Two punches (2.3 cm diameter) were taken from each leaf. Four punches were placed in a Petri dish (Falcon 1006, 50X9 mm). Petri dishes were chosen randomly, and five 1- to 2-d-old leafroller larvae were placed on the leaf disks. The Petri dish lids were put in place, and dishes were stored inside a food storage container and kept at 75°F (±2°F) constant temperature and 16:8 photoperiod. Petri dishes were examined after 7 and 14 d and larval survival recorded. Ten dishes were used for each treatment (50 larvae per treatment).

Download Full-text

Bioassay, Effect of Field-Aged Residue Degradation of Basillus Thuringiensis, 1994

Arthropod Management Tests ◽

10.1093/amt/20.1.351 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 351-351 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. F. Brunner ◽

M. D. Doerr ◽

L. O. Smith

Keyword(s):

Constant Temperature ◽

Petri Dish ◽

Larval Survival ◽

Apple Orchard ◽

Food Storage ◽

Storage Container ◽

Tree Fruit ◽

Petri Dishes ◽

Extension Center ◽

Neonate Larvae

Abstract Using a leaf-disk bioassay, B. thuringiensis products were evaluated for residue effects on PLR and OBLR neonate larvae. The test was conducted in an apple orchard at the Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center. The trees were 15-yr-old spur type ‘Red Delicious’ on dwarfing roots. The treatments were applied on 22 Sep at the recommended rate with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gal/acre. Each treatment was replicated three times with one tree in each. Ten leaves were collected from the interior canopy of each tree at 1, 4, 6 and 8 DAT. Two punches (2.3 cm diameter) were taken from each leaf. Four punches were placed in a petri dish (Falcon 1006, 50 × 9 mm), keeping the leaves from each replication separate. Petri dishes were chosen randomly, and five 1- to 2-d-old leafroller larvae were placed on the leaves. Five petri dishes were prepared for each tree and each leafroller species (75 larvae per treatment). The petri dishes were placed inside a food storage container and kept at 20°C constant temperature and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h. Petri dishes were examined after 7 d and larval survival recorded.

Download Full-text

Bioassay, Effect of Commonly Applied Pesticides on C. Florus in North Central Washington, 1994

Arthropod Management Tests ◽

10.1093/amt/20.1.337 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 337-337

Author(s):

J. F. Brunner ◽

M. D. Doerr

Keyword(s):

Constant Temperature ◽

Artificial Diet ◽

Petri Dish ◽

Food Storage ◽

Carbohydrate Source ◽

Full Field ◽

Tree Fruit ◽

Petri Dishes ◽

Extension Center ◽

Direct Toxicity

Abstract Various insecticides were evaluated for direct toxicity and the effects of field-aged residues on adult females of the leafroller parasitoid Cf. The chemicals tested for direct toxicity were those listed in the “Predator Toxicity Guide-Apple” chart in the “1994 Crop Protection Guide for Tree Fruits in Washington.” B. thuringiensis products (Dipel, Javelin and MVP), growth regulators (Comply, Dimilin, RH-5992 and RH-2485) and M-Pede were tested at the full field rate and the neurotoxins at 10% of the field rate. Ten microliters of a wetting agent (Triton B-1956) were added to each of the B. thuringiensis formulations. Cf females were taken from a colony maintained at the WSU Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center for the assay. The age of Cf adults was standardized at 2-5 d after emergence from the pupal stage. Fifty females reared from at least five separate host larvae were selected for each of the chemicals tested. These females were anesthetized with CO2, placed on a piece of 11-cm filter paper and transferred to a Potter spray tower. The tower applied 4 ml of pesticide at 6 psi of pressure to the parasites. Cf were transferred to petri dishes with snap-on lids (Falcon 1006, 50 × 9 mm). Honey water and a small cube of artificial diet used to rear leafrollers were added to the petri dishes. The diet worked very well for controlling the moisture in the petri dishes, and honey water had been shown to extend Cf life span by providing nutrition. Five Cf were placed into 10 petri dishes for each of the chemicals (50 Cf per treatment) and kept at 75°F (±2°F) constant temperature and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h. Surviving parasites were counted at 24 and 48 h after treatment. Treatments with significant Cf survival at 10% field rate were then tested at 50% of the field rate. Treatments with survivors at 50% of the field rate were tested at the full field rate. The residue degradation test was conducted in an apple orchard at the Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center. The trees were 15-yr-old spur type ‘Red Delicious’ on dwarfing roots. The insecticides were applied at the recommended field rates (see below) with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gal/acre. Each treatment was replicated three times as a single tree. Ten mature leaves were collected from each tree (replicate). One punch (2.3 cm diameter) was taken from each leaf (10 total from each tree), and two were placed in a small petri dish (Falcon 1006, 50 × 9 mm). A small quantity of diluted honey water was smeared on the lid for a carbohydrate source, and a small piece of artificial diet used to rear leafrollers was placed in the petri dish to help keep humidity at acceptable levels. There were five petri dishes for each replicate (15 for each treatment). After the leaves were placed in the petri dish and each dish was labeled with a replicate and treatment code, one was chosen at random and five adult Cf females, age 2-3 d old, were placed inside (75 females per treatment). The petri dishes were placed inside a food storage container and kept at 20°C constant temperature and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h. The no. of survivors was counted at 24 and 48 h. This bioassay was repeated at 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21 d after treatment (DAT) for treatments where Cf mortality was significantly different than the untreated check.

Download Full-text

Laboratory Bioassay of Beauveria Bassiana, Spinosad, Garlic, and Neem-Derived Products for Control of Grasshoppers

Arthropod Management Tests ◽

10.1093/amt/23.1.372 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 372-372

Author(s):

Nihat Demirel ◽

Whitney Cranshaw

Keyword(s):

Beauveria Bassiana ◽

Petri Dish ◽

Neem Oil ◽

Laboratory Bioassay ◽

Neem Extract ◽

Late Instar ◽

Petri Dishes

Abstract Trials were conducted with adult, field collected migratory grasshoppers to determine susceptibility to ingestion expo sure to Beauveria bassiana Strain GHA (BotaniGard WP), spinosad (Conserve SC) a garlic-derived insecticide/repellent (Garlic Barrier), neem oil (Tril ogy) and a neem extract (BioNeem). Field collected late instar grasshoppers were confined, 8 per petri dish (100 mm X 15 mm), with 6 petri dishes usetl per treatment. Treatments involved dipping alfalfa leaves into the insecticide solutions and allowing them to air dry before feeding these to the grasshop pers. After the originally treated foliage were consumed, untreated foliage was used to maintain grasshoppers in all treatments. Mortality was assessed a 24, 48, 96, and 192 h after exposure.

Download Full-text

Laboratory Bioassay of Beauveria Bassiana and Spinosad for Control of Grasshoppers

Arthropod Management Tests ◽

10.1093/amt/23.1.372a ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 372-372

Author(s):

Nihat Demirel ◽

Whitney Cranshaw

Keyword(s):

Beauveria Bassiana ◽

Petri Dish ◽

Laboratory Bioassay ◽

Petri Dishes ◽

Test Materials ◽

Serial Dilutions

Abstract Trials were con ducted with adult, field collected migratory grasshoppers to determine susceptibility to ingestion exposure to Beauveria bassiana Strain GHA (BotaniGard WP) or spinosad (Conserve SC). Grasshoppers were confined, 8 per petri dish, with 5 petri dishes used per treatment. Alfalfa was dipped in serial dilutions (0.25X) of the test materials, allowed to air dry and then placed with grasshoppers. After the originally treated foliage was consumed, untreated foliage was used to maintain grasshoppers in all treatments. Mortality was assessed at 24 hour intervals for six days following exposure.

Download Full-text

FIELD BIOASSAY METHODOLOGIES FOR THE DETECTION OF RESISTANCE TO ACARICIDES IN POPULATIONS OF EUROPEAN RED MITE (ACARI: TETRANYCHIDAE)

The Canadian Entomologist ◽

10.4039/ent13269-1 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 132 (1) ◽

pp. 69-80 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

D.J. Pree ◽

L.A. Bittner ◽

K.J. Whitty

Keyword(s):

Resistance Management ◽

Petri Dish ◽

Leaf Disk ◽

Panonychus Ulmi ◽

Field Bioassay ◽

Laboratory Procedure ◽

Reliable Technique ◽

European Red Mite ◽

Petri Dishes ◽

Leaf Disks

AbstractThe toxicity of dicofol, pyridaben, formetanate HCl, and abamectin to European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), was determined using either a Petri dish or leaf dip bioassay (as potential field assay procedures) and was compared with results from a standard laboratory procedure that requires a Potter spray tower to treat leaf disks. Abamectin and pyridaben were the most toxic acaricides tested, and dicofol and pyridaben were more toxic when applied to Petri dishes than to leaf disks. Formetanate HCl was the least toxic acaricide tested by either leaf disk or leaf dip procedures. Diagnostic concentrations of pyridaben were determined as 5 mg active ingredient per litre (a.i./L) with the Petri dish assay and 15 mg a.i./L with the leaf disk assay. Mortality of European red mites to pyridaben at diagnostic concentrations was consistently 100% with the leaf disk assay and > 90% with the Petri dish assay. Residues of pyridaben on Petri dishes stored at 4 °C in a refrigerator were stable for at least 21 d. For dicofol, both leaf disk and Petri dish assays gave similar results, and 25 mg a.i./L, previously used as the diagnostic concentration in the Petri dish assay, resulted in > 99% mortality of the standard susceptible strain. This technique identified resistant individuals in all of the field populations tested. Abamectin applied at 2 mg a.i./L to leaf disks consistently gave 98–100% mortality, but results at 2 mg a.i./L with the Petri dish assay gave variable results and this was not a reliable technique for monitoring resistance. Concentrations of formetanate HCl required for the leaf dip assay were too high to be useful in field assays; however, all populations of European red mite tested using the leaf disk assay appeared susceptible. For the ovicide, clofentezine, mortality of eggs tested by the leaf disk assay at 100 or 500 mg a.i./L ranged from 89 to 100%. Results with the leaf dip procedure, using a 350 mg a.i./L suspension consistently resulted in > 96% mortality of eggs from susceptible field populations. These procedures are a useful tool in the development of resistance management programs for acaricides used in integrated pest management (IPM) systems for tree fruits.

Download Full-text

Response of Mexican Corn Rootworm to Insecticides, 1991

Arthropod Management Tests ◽

10.1093/amt/20.1.329 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 329-329

Author(s):

E. Guerrero-Rodriguez ◽

S. Davalos-Luna ◽

J. Corrales-Reynaga

Keyword(s):

Petri Dish ◽

Mortality Data ◽

Corn Rootworm ◽

Field Corn ◽

Paper Towel ◽

Percent Mortality ◽

Petri Dishes ◽

Mexican Corn Rootworm ◽

Corn Plants ◽

Commercial Field

Abstract Populations of MCR of commercial field corn from Arenal, Jalisco were exposed to nine insecticides of organophosphorous (OP), cabamate, organo chlorinated and pyrethroid groups. Larvae were collected from the roots of corn plants daily, and confined in polyethylene black bags of two kg capacity with humidity and germinated corn as food for larvae. Insects were taken to the laboratory of Sanidad Vegetal in Guadalajara, Jalisco. Dilutions of the insecticides tested were prepared using acetone from 500 to 5000 ppm (6 to 9 dosage/product). For this study 20 larvae of last instar were selected and 1 u, liter of the solution was placed topically on the thorax, after this, each larva was placed in a petri dish with a moistened paper towel and the petri dishes confined in a cardboard box to eliminate light. Mortality counts were carried out at 24 hours. Percent mortality was corrected by Abbott’s formula. The mortality data were analyzed by probit to obtain LC50 and LC,5 values for each insecticide.

Download Full-text

Apple, Insecticide DIP Test (Tabm vs. Insecticides), 1993

Arthropod Management Tests ◽

10.1093/amt/19.1.369 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 369-369

Author(s):

R. L. Horsburgh ◽

J. R. Warren

Keyword(s):

Filter Paper ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Petri Dish ◽

Spray Application ◽

Water Control ◽

Poor Control ◽

Laboratory Bioassay ◽

The Third ◽

Petri Dishes ◽

Dip Test

Abstract A large commercial apple grower reported failure in attempts to control TABM with airblast applications of Penncap M (2 pt/acre) combined with methomyl (3 pt/acre). At the time of the grower applications larval hatch had begun and most larvae were in the first or second instar. By the time larvae were entering the third instar (10 days after spray application) it was apparent that commercially acceptable control had not been achieved. In 1992 this grower also had poor control when Penncap M was applied to suppress redbanded leafroller and experiments showed that tolerance of Penncap M was present in the resident RBLR population (Horsburgh et al. 1992). This laboratory bioassay was begun on 3 Sep to determine tolerance of the TABM population to Penncap M and other insecticides. Seven treatments (including a water control) were selected and rates calculated on the basis of 300 gal of spray being applied per acre. The appropriate dosage of pesticide for each treatment was mixed with 1 gallon of 77°F water in clean 1 gallon battery jars. Twenty plastic petri dishes containing moistened filter paper were prepared and served as individual cages for twenty 3rd instars per treatment. The larvae, on single leaves, were immersed in the appropriate solutions for five seconds and the leaf placed on the moist filter paper. The petri dish cover was put in place and the cages held at room temperature (80°F) for the duration of the test. All larvae were examined at 24 hour intervals and mortality was recorded. Death of larvae was assumed when no movement was observed when the larvae were gently prodded with a blunt steel probe.

Download Full-text

Evaluation of the Entomopathogenic Fungi Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, and Isaria fumosorosea for Control of Sitophilus oryzae

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-196 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 77 (1) ◽

pp. 87-93 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

NICKOLAS G. KAVALLIERATOS ◽

CHRISTOS G. ATHANASSIOU ◽

MARIA M. AOUNTALA ◽

DEMETRIUS C. KONTODIMAS

Keyword(s):

Beauveria Bassiana ◽

Entomopathogenic Fungi ◽

Metarhizium Anisopliae ◽

Galleria Mellonella ◽

Sitophilus Oryzae ◽

Exposure Period ◽

Isaria Fumosorosea ◽

Stored Grain ◽

Stored Grain Pest ◽

Petri Dishes

The entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, and Isaria fumosorosea were tested against the stored-grain pest Sitophilus oryzae. The fungi were isolated from the soil (from three locations in Attica, Greece: B. bassiana from Tatoion, M. anisopliae from Marathon, and I. fumosorosea from Aghios Stefanos) using larvae of Galleria mellonella as bait. Suspensions of 2.11 × 107 and 2.11 × 108, 1.77 × 107 and 1.77 × 108, and 1.81 × 107 and 1.81 × 108 conidia per ml of B. bassiana, M. anisopliae, and I. fumosorosea, respectively, were applied by three treatments: (i) sprayed on food and set in petri dishes with adults of S. oryzae, (ii) sprayed on adults of S. oryzae and set in petri dishes without food, and (iii) sprayed on adults of S. oryzae and set in petri dishes with food. The observed mortality of S. oryzae adults during the overall exposure period for the lowest, as well as for the highest, concentrations of B. bassiana, M. anisopliae, and I. fumosorosea ranged from 0 to 100%. Concentration was, in most of the cases tested, a critical parameter that determined the “speed of kill” of the exposed insect species for B. bassiana and M. anisopliae. Conversely, concentration was not that critical for I. fumosorosea, and survival was high in some of the combinations tested, even after 14 days of exposure. Both in the highest and the lowest concentrations of fungi, the mortality of S. oryzae adults was higher when the fungi were applied on adults than when they were applied on food. Higher mortality was observed when food was absent than when food was present, in most of the cases tested. The high efficacy levels recorded in the current study indicate that the tested fungi could be effective biocontrol agents against S. oryzae.

Download Full-text

Disinfection of selected Aspergillus spp. using ultraviolet germicidal irradiation

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/w04-002 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 50 (3) ◽

pp. 221-224 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Christopher F Green ◽

Pasquale V Scarpino ◽

Paul Jensen ◽

Nancy J Jensen ◽

Shawn G Gibbs

Keyword(s):

Aspergillus Fumigatus ◽

Aspergillus Flavus ◽

Fungal Spores ◽

Petri Dish ◽

Testing Unit ◽

Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation ◽

Airborne Fungal Spores ◽

Agar Surface ◽

Petri Dishes ◽

Higher Doses

Aims: The efficacy of ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) and the UVGI dose necessary to inactivate fungal spores on an agar surface for cultures of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus were determined. Methods and results: A four-chambered UVGI testing unit with a 9-W, Phillips, low pressure, mercury UVGI lamp in each chamber was used in this study. An aperture was adjusted to provide 50, 100, 150, and 200 µW/cm2 of uniform flux to the surfaces of the Petri dish, resulting in a total UVGI dose to the surface of the Petri dishes ranging from 12 to 96 mJ/cm2. The UVGI dose necessary to inactivate 90% of the A. flavus and A. fumigatus was 35 and 54 mJ/cm2, respectively. Conclusions: UVGI can be used to inactivate culturable fungal spores. Aspergillus flavus was more susceptible than A. fumigatus to UVGI. Significance and impact of the study: These results may not be directly correlated to the effect of UVGI on airborne fungal spores, but they indicate that current technology may not be efficacious as a supplement to ventilation unless it can provide higher doses of UVGI to kill spores traveling through the irradiated zone.Key words: Aspergillus, ultraviolet germicidal irradiation, fungi.

Download Full-text