FIELD BIOASSAY METHODOLOGIES FOR THE DETECTION OF RESISTANCE TO ACARICIDES IN POPULATIONS OF EUROPEAN RED MITE (ACARI: TETRANYCHIDAE)

2000 ◽  
Vol 132 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.J. Pree ◽  
L.A. Bittner ◽  
K.J. Whitty
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Management ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Leaf Disk ◽  
Panonychus Ulmi ◽  
Field Bioassay ◽  
Laboratory Procedure ◽  
Reliable Technique ◽  
European Red Mite ◽  
Petri Dishes ◽  
Leaf Disks

AbstractThe toxicity of dicofol, pyridaben, formetanate HCl, and abamectin to European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), was determined using either a Petri dish or leaf dip bioassay (as potential field assay procedures) and was compared with results from a standard laboratory procedure that requires a Potter spray tower to treat leaf disks. Abamectin and pyridaben were the most toxic acaricides tested, and dicofol and pyridaben were more toxic when applied to Petri dishes than to leaf disks. Formetanate HCl was the least toxic acaricide tested by either leaf disk or leaf dip procedures. Diagnostic concentrations of pyridaben were determined as 5 mg active ingredient per litre (a.i./L) with the Petri dish assay and 15 mg a.i./L with the leaf disk assay. Mortality of European red mites to pyridaben at diagnostic concentrations was consistently 100% with the leaf disk assay and > 90% with the Petri dish assay. Residues of pyridaben on Petri dishes stored at 4 °C in a refrigerator were stable for at least 21 d. For dicofol, both leaf disk and Petri dish assays gave similar results, and 25 mg a.i./L, previously used as the diagnostic concentration in the Petri dish assay, resulted in > 99% mortality of the standard susceptible strain. This technique identified resistant individuals in all of the field populations tested. Abamectin applied at 2 mg a.i./L to leaf disks consistently gave 98–100% mortality, but results at 2 mg a.i./L with the Petri dish assay gave variable results and this was not a reliable technique for monitoring resistance. Concentrations of formetanate HCl required for the leaf dip assay were too high to be useful in field assays; however, all populations of European red mite tested using the leaf disk assay appeared susceptible. For the ovicide, clofentezine, mortality of eggs tested by the leaf disk assay at 100 or 500 mg a.i./L ranged from 89 to 100%. Results with the leaf dip procedure, using a 350 mg a.i./L suspension consistently resulted in > 96% mortality of eggs from susceptible field populations. These procedures are a useful tool in the development of resistance management programs for acaricides used in integrated pest management (IPM) systems for tree fruits.

scholarly journals Bioassay, Laboratory Tests of Beauveria Bassiana, Bacillus Thuringiensis, and a Feeding Stimulant on Leafroller Larvae, 1994

1995 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 349-349
Author(s):  
J. F. Brunner ◽  
M. D. Doerr ◽  
L. O. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Beauveria Bassiana ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Wetting Agent ◽  
Food Storage ◽  
Storage Container ◽  
Feeding Stimulant ◽  
Petri Dishes ◽  
Extension Center ◽  
Leaf Disks

Abstract Beauveria bassiana (Naturalis-L), two B. thuringiensis products (Dipel and Troy Bt), and a feeding stimulant (Konsume) combined with a B. thuringiensis product were evaluated using a leaf-dip bioassay method for their effect on PLR and OBLR larvae. Treatments were prepared by diluting the appropriate amt of product (see table) in 500 ml water in a glass beaker. The Konsume treatments received a constant 1X rate of Dipel and 4X-0.25X rates of Konsume. A small amt (about 2 ml) of wetting agent, X-77®, was added to each treatment. An untreated control was prepared using water plus the wetting agent only. Untreated apple leaves were collected from ‘Red Delicious’ trees at the WSU Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Wenatchee. Leaves were dipped, then allowed to dry. Two punches (2.3 cm diameter) were taken from each leaf. Four punches were placed in a petri dish (Falcon 1006, 50 × 9 mm). Petri dishes were chosen randomly, and five 1- to 2-d-old leafroller larvae were placed on the leaf disks. The petri dish lid was put in place and dishes were placed inside a food storage container and kept at 75°F (± 2°F) constant temperature and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h. Petri dishes were examined after 7 d and larval survival recorded. Ten dishes were used for each treatment (50 larvae per treatment).

COMPARISON OF LEAF DISC AND PETRI DISH ASSAYS FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF DICOFOL RESISTANCE IN POPULATIONS OF EUROPEAN RED MITE FROM SOUTHERN ONTARIO

1989 ◽  
Vol 121 (9) ◽  
pp. 771-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.J. Pree ◽  
K.J. Cole ◽  
P.A. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Disc ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Leaf Discs ◽  
Field Type ◽  
European Red Mite ◽  
Petri Dishes

AbstractTwo bioassay methods using leaf discs and Petri dishes as the treated medium were compared. Resistance levels were approximately 11-fold with the leaf disc method and 7-fold using the Petri dish assay. Comparisons of the two methods on six wild populations indicated that the Petri dish assay was more sensitive in identifying low frequencies of resistance. Advantages of the Petri dish assay over the previously used leaf disc method for rapid, field-type surveys are discussed.Surveys of populations from the Simcoe and Niagara areas, using the Petri dish assay, indicated resistance to dicofol in 11 of 22 samples. Resistance was generally correlated with sites where dicofol had been used at least once a year for 2–3 consecutive years. The data indicate a resurgence of dicofol resistance since 1984 when resistance was detected at 4% of the surveyed sites.

scholarly journals Bioassay, Effect of Spinosad on Neonate Leafroller Larvae, 1995

1996 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 412-412
Author(s):  
J. F. Brunner ◽  
M. D. Doerr
Keyword(s):  
Petri Dish ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Wetting Agent ◽  
Food Storage ◽  
Storage Container ◽  
Tree Fruit ◽  
Petri Dishes ◽  
Extension Center ◽  
Leaf Disks ◽  
Glass Beaker

Abstract Spinosad DE-105 1.6% was evaluated using a leaf-dip bioassay method for its effect on PLR and OBLR larvae. Treatments were prepared by diluting the appropriate amount of product (see table) in 500 ml water in a glass beaker. A small amount (approximately 2 u.1) of wetting agent, Latron B-1956, was added to each treatment. An untreated control was prepared using water plus the wetting agent only. Untreated apple leaves were collected from Delicious trees at the WSU Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Wenatchee. Leaves were dipped, then allowed to dry. Two punches (2.3 cm diameter) were taken from each leaf. Four punches were placed in a Petri dish (Falcon 1006, 50X9 mm). Petri dishes were chosen randomly, and five 1- to 2-d-old leafroller larvae were placed on the leaf disks. The Petri dish lids were put in place, and dishes were stored inside a food storage container and kept at 75°F (±2°F) constant temperature and 16:8 photoperiod. Petri dishes were examined after 7 and 14 d and larval survival recorded. Ten dishes were used for each treatment (50 larvae per treatment).

scholarly journals Toxicity of Three Formulations of Bacillus Thuringiensis Against Diamondback Moth, 1996

1998 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 369-369
Author(s):  
P. W. Ivey ◽  
S. J. Johnson ◽  
Richard Story
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Diamondback Moth ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Test Solution ◽  
Leaf Disk ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Dilution Series ◽  
Petri Dishes

Abstract A leaf-dip assay was used to test three commercial formulations of B. thuringiensis Berliner: Agree 50 WP, Dipel ES, and XenTari AS, against diamondback moth. Concentrations ([AI]/liter) were based on dilution series using the recommended “field” rates of the three formulations of B. thuringiensis. Dipel and Xen-Tari were tested at concentrations of 2.5, 0.25, 0.025, 0.0025, and 0.00025 [ml (AI)/liter]; Agree was tested at concentrations of 3.0, 0.3, 0.03, 0.003, and 0.0003 [g(AI)/liter]. Disks (20 mm diam) were cut from leaves of the above cabbage cultivar. Each disk was dipped into each test solution and hung vertically to dry at room temperature for about 1 h and then placed in petri dishes (100 X 15 mm) on top of a moistened filter peper (90 mm diameter). Five third instars were placed on each leaf disk in each petri dish and allowed to feed for 96 h, after which mortality was recorded. A larva was considered dead if it did not move when prodded with forceps. Tests with each concentration and the untreated control (distilled water) were replicated five times.

scholarly journals Response of Mexican Corn Rootworm to Insecticides, 1991

1995 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 329-329
Author(s):  
E. Guerrero-Rodriguez ◽  
S. Davalos-Luna ◽  
J. Corrales-Reynaga
Keyword(s):  
Petri Dish ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Corn Rootworm ◽  
Field Corn ◽  
Paper Towel ◽  
Percent Mortality ◽  
Petri Dishes ◽  
Mexican Corn Rootworm ◽  
Corn Plants ◽  
Commercial Field

Abstract Populations of MCR of commercial field corn from Arenal, Jalisco were exposed to nine insecticides of organophosphorous (OP), cabamate, organo chlorinated and pyrethroid groups. Larvae were collected from the roots of corn plants daily, and confined in polyethylene black bags of two kg capacity with humidity and germinated corn as food for larvae. Insects were taken to the laboratory of Sanidad Vegetal in Guadalajara, Jalisco. Dilutions of the insecticides tested were prepared using acetone from 500 to 5000 ppm (6 to 9 dosage/product). For this study 20 larvae of last instar were selected and 1 u, liter of the solution was placed topically on the thorax, after this, each larva was placed in a petri dish with a moistened paper towel and the petri dishes confined in a cardboard box to eliminate light. Mortality counts were carried out at 24 hours. Percent mortality was corrected by Abbott’s formula. The mortality data were analyzed by probit to obtain LC50 and LC,5 values for each insecticide.

scholarly journals Pathogenicity of Isaria fumosorosea to European red mite in the laboratory

Biotemas ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Cláudia Andréia Gräff ◽  
Liana Johann ◽  
Cláucia Fernanda Volken de Souza ◽  
Noeli Juarez Ferla
Keyword(s):  
Rio Grande ◽  
Panonychus Ulmi ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Isaria Fumosorosea ◽  
European Red Mite

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7925.2017v30n1p73A vitivinicultura no estado do Rio Grande do Sul tem sofrido infestações significativas de ácaros praga, destacando-se recentemente Panonychus ulmi (Koch). Há relatos sobre a capacidade de controle de ácaros fitófagos com Isaria fumosorosea. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar em laboratório a ação patogênica de I. fumosorosea sobre o ácaro P. ulmi. As criações de P. ulmi foram estabelecidas a partir de coleta realizadas em videiras da Serra Gaúcha. Sobre os ovos de P. ulmi, as aplicações de suspensões de esporos foram feitas em diferentes concentrações. As triplicatas das fêmeas de 12 a 15 dias foram tratadas com suspensão a 108 esporos x mL-1. As testemunhas foram tratadas com água destilada. Após sete dias da aplicação, observaram-se 55,6% de ovos não eclodidos tratados com suspensão 106 esporos x mL-1 e com fêmeas tratadas obteve-se uma mortalidade total entre 85-90% e mortalidade confirmada entre 50-55%. A mortalidade máxima dos controles no tratamento dos ovos e das fêmeas foi, em média, de 12,8 e 15,5%, respectivamente. Conclui-se que o isolado I. fumosorosea possui habilidade para infectar ovos e fêmeas adultas de P. ulmi e portanto mostra-se como uma alternativa viável para ser experimentada no campo.

Polybutenes in Orchard Pest Control

1962 ◽  
Vol 94 (11) ◽  
pp. 1222-1227 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Downing
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Pest Control ◽  
Spider Mite ◽  
Panonychus Ulmi ◽  
Phytophagous Mites ◽  
European Red Mite ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Methods Of Control

In British Columbia the control of phytophagous mites, especially the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), and the McDaniel spider mite, Tetranychus mcdanieli McG., is becoming increasingly difficult, mainly because of the mites' ability to develop resistance to most acaricides in a relatively short time (3). Because of this, methods of control other than strictly chemical are examined at every opportunity.

scholarly journals Laboratory Bioassay of Beauveria Bassiana, Spinosad, Garlic, and Neem-Derived Products for Control of Grasshoppers

1998 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 372-372
Author(s):  
Nihat Demirel ◽  
Whitney Cranshaw
Keyword(s):  
Beauveria Bassiana ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Neem Oil ◽  
Laboratory Bioassay ◽  
Neem Extract ◽  
Late Instar ◽  
Petri Dishes

Abstract Trials were conducted with adult, field collected migratory grasshoppers to determine susceptibility to ingestion expo sure to Beauveria bassiana Strain GHA (BotaniGard WP), spinosad (Conserve SC) a garlic-derived insecticide/repellent (Garlic Barrier), neem oil (Tril ogy) and a neem extract (BioNeem). Field collected late instar grasshoppers were confined, 8 per petri dish (100 mm X 15 mm), with 6 petri dishes usetl per treatment. Treatments involved dipping alfalfa leaves into the insecticide solutions and allowing them to air dry before feeding these to the grasshop pers. After the originally treated foliage were consumed, untreated foliage was used to maintain grasshoppers in all treatments. Mortality was assessed a 24, 48, 96, and 192 h after exposure.

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