Assessment of Climate Vulnerability on Orange Farming System in Batola

The Siamese orange is a superior commodity because it has economic value and is specific to the characteristics of the tidal swamp agroecosystems. Uncertainty triggered by natural conditions and the market causes farmers to lose money, fail to harvest, and suffer, thus affecting the sustainability of their farming business. The final result of the farmer's business describes the magnitude of the Impact felt by the farmer and the farmer's ability to support the losses that can be experienced. This assessment aims to have a comprehensive CVA (Climate Vulnerability Assessment) for the primary commodities in 3 sub-districts in Batola (Carbon, Mandasatana, and Marabahan) and translate the results of activities with recommendations for these various districts. The research was conducted using survey methods, direct observations in the field, Focus Group Discussions, and in-depth interviews with respondents, namely farmers, traders, as well as community leaders and related agencies (Department of Food Crops and Horticulture (DTPH) and District Agricultural Extension Center) totaling 100 people. The DTPH of Batola Regency also collected secondary data. The data collected were analyzed descriptively. In the district of Cerbon (type A), the highest choice is citrus, then seasonal and mixed crops. The major decisions in the Mandastana sub-district (type B) are monoculture oranges, then seasonal crops, diverse crops, and Galam forest plants. In the Marabahan sub-district (type C), apart from citrus, oil palm and rubber have been developed as industrial support plants

An overview of pathogens associated with biotic stresses in hemp crops in Oregon, 2019-2020

Hemp (Cannabis sativa) acreage in Oregon has increased by approximately 240 times in the last five years and a greater number of hemp diseases have been observed. This special report documents pathogens, particularly those causing virus and virus-like diseases, that have been detected from field and greenhouse-grown hemp crops in Oregon, based on plant samples submitted to the Hermiston Agricultural Research and Extension Center Plant Clinic of Oregon State University in 2019 and 2020. Symptoms and signs were used to evaluate disease types and determine diagnostic assays used on each submission. Plants with signs or symptoms of fungal or oomycete infection were cultured to isolate pathogenic organisms and plants with symptoms suspected to be caused by virus infection were assayed for the presence of Beet curly top virus (BCTV), viroids, and phytoplasmas using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. Diseases with fungal or oomycete, and virus causes accounted for 26.5%, and 42.9% of submissions, respectively; co-infection of viral and fungal or oomycete pathogens were detected from 6.1% of submissions between 2019 and 2020. BCTV, a curtovirus, and hop latent viroid (HLVd) were the predominant pathogens detected from field and indoor grown hemp. Worland-like strains of BCTV represented 93% of all curtovirus detections. Eighty percent of HLVd detections occurred from plants that originated from indoor growing facilities. Based on BCTV vector, beet leafhopper, prevalence, field-grown hemp in western production regions may be affected by curly top and increasing hemp acreage in the landscape may have potential implications on other crops affected by curtoviruses. Virus and virus-like diseases could be a limiting factor for hemp production in some regions of the United States.

HIỆN TRẠNG SẢN XUẤT LÚA VÀ XỬ LÝ RƠM RẠ SAU THU HOẠCH Ở TỈNH THỪA THIÊN HUẾ

Điều tra thực trạng sản xuất lúa và vấn đề xử lý rơm rạ sau thu hoạch tại Thừa Thiên Huế được thực hiện thông qua phỏng vấn nông hộ ở xã Thủy Phù (thị xã Hương Thủy) và xã Hương Toàn (thị xã Hương Trà). Tiến hành điều tra 80 hộ nông dân bằng phiếu hỏi lập sẵn, kết quả cho thấy: Diện tích sản xuất lúa của các nông hộ đều phân bố rải rác với quy mô chủ yếu <5000 m2 (chiếm 77,5%). Cơ cấu giống lúa đa dạng với 16 giống và đã mạnh dạn canh tác các giống lúa mới. Các nông hộ ở địa điểm điều tra bón phân vô cơ cho lúa ở mức cao hơn so với quy trình khuyến cáo của Trung tâm Khuyến nông lâm ngư Thừa Thiên Huế. Các loại phân vô cơ được trộn lẫn với nhau và bón tập trung trong 4 đợt (bón lót và 3 lần bón thúc). Nông dân cũng sử dụng phân hữu cơ vi sinh Sông Hương và Quế Lâm để bón lót cho cây lúa nhưng tỷ lệ hộ áp dụng chưa nhiều (22,5% ở Thủy Phù và 12,5% ở Hương Toàn) và lượng bón còn thấp (500 kg/ha). Đa số nông hộ thu hoạch lúa bằng máy gặp đập liên hợp. Tùy tập quán từng vùng mà chiều cao gốc rạ để lại sau thu hoạch có khác nhau từ 20 - 30 cm (ở Hương Toàn) và >30 cm (ở Thủy Phù). Hình thức xử lý rơm rạ của người dân chủ yếu là đốt trực tiếp, vùi lấp và xử lý bằng chế phẩm. ABSTRACT Investigating the current situation of rice production and the treatment of rice straw after harvest was conducted by interview households at two location, namely Thuy Phu and Huong Toan commune in Thua Thien Hue province. The samples of the survey were 80 farm households. Results indicated that the rice production area of the households was scatteredly distributed with the main scale of <5000 m2 (77.5%). The structure of rice varieties was quite diverse with 16 varieties and new rice varieties were actively cultivated. The amount of inorganic fertilizer was applied at a higher level than recommended by the Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Extension Center in Thua Thien Hue. Inorganic fertilizers were mixed together and applied in four times including the basal fertilizer and three times application. Farmers also used Song Huong Organic fertilizers and Que Lam Organic fertilizers for fertilizing but the number of households applying it was not much (22,5% at Thuy Phu and 12,5% Huong Toan) with the level of investment was still low (500 kg/ha). Harvesting rice was conducted by the combine harvester. Depending upon the custom of each region, the height of the stubble was left behind different with 30 cm in Thuy Phu and 20 - 30 cm in Huong Toan. The form of rice straw treatment of farmers was direct burning, backfilling and treatment by using probiotics.

COMPONENTES DE PRODUÇÃO DE SOJA CULTIVADA EM SEQUEIRO NO SISTEMA DE INTEGRAÇÃO LAVOURA-PECUÁRIA UTILIZANDO AZOSPIRILLUM BRASILENSE

O crescimento da cultura da soja no país esteve sempre associado aos avanços científicos e à disponibilização de tecnologias ao setor produtivo. Assim, o trabalho objetivou avaliar as características agronômicas e a produtividade da soja semeadas em sucessão ao sistema de Integração lavoura-pecuária com forrageiras consorciadas com o milho, com ou sem a inoculação da semente com Azospirillum brasilense. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em área de sequeiro no Núcleo de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão do Unifunec. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 4 x 2, com quatro repetições, sendo que a soja foi semeada nos tratamentos em um ciclo completo de integração lavoura-pecuária, assim os tratamentos foram compostos pelas áreas com 4 variedades de forrageiras (MG-13 Braúna; Marandú; Mombaça e Tanzânia) consorciadas com milho, com ou sem inoculação das sementes com bactéria Azospirillum brasilense. A soja foi semeada mecanicamente no início de dezembro, utilizando-se a cultivar TMG 2165 IPRO. Foram avaliados os componentes da produção e produtividade da soja. A inoculação com A. brasilense na cultura do capim e milho antecessor à soja incrementou os componentes de produção e produtividade da soja em sucessão. Houve desdobramento da interação da forrageira dentro da modalidade de inoculação para a produtividade de soja, evidenciando um aumento quando inoculado. Com efeito da palhada dos capins e, principalmente quando do uso da bactéria fixadora antecessor à soja, houve incrementos nas características agronômicas e produtividade da soja. COMPONENTS OF SOYBEAN PRODUCTION CULTIVATED IN DRYLAND IN THE INTEGRATED CROP-LIVESTOCK SYSTEMS USING AZOSPIRILLUM BRASILENSE ABSTRACT The increase in soybean cultivation in the country has always been associated with scientific advances and the availability of technologies to the productive sector. Accordingly, this study aimed to evaluate the agronomic characteristics and productivity of soybeans sown in a successional crop-livestock integration system with forage crops intercropped with corn, with or without inoculation of the seed with Azospirillum brasilense. The research was developed in a dryland area in the Teaching Research and Extension Center of Unifunec. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, in a 4 x 2 factorial scheme, with four repetitions, and soybeans were sown in the treatments in a complete cycle of crop-livestock integration, so the treatments were composed of areas with four varieties of forage (MG-13 Brauna, Marandu, Mombasa and Tanzania) intercropped with corn, with or without inoculation of the seeds with Azospirillum brasilense bacteria. Soybeans were mechanically sown in early December, using the TMG 2165 IPRO cultivar. The production and yield components of soybean were evaluated. The inoculation with A. brasilense in the culture of grass and corn before soybean increased the components of production and productivity of soybean in succession. The interaction of forage within inoculation modality was unfolded for soybean yield, showing an increase when inoculated. With the effect of the grass stubble and especially when using the fixing bacteria before soybeans, there were increases in agronomic characteristics and productivity of soybeans. Keywords: Urochloabrizantha; Megathyrsus maximum; Crop-livestock integration; Glycine max (L.) Merril.

Management of agricultural tools and machinery of SERASI program to improve food self-sufficiency in Banyuasin District of South Sumatra Province

This study was carried out to find out the impact of utilized and without agricultural tools and machinery (alsintan) on farmers’ income in the SERASI program to achieve its optimal goal in Banyuasin District. This research was conducted from December 2020 to March 2021 at the Food Crops and Horticulture Department, BPP (Balai Penyuluhan Pertanian-Agricultural Extension Center) Muara Telang, Tanjung Lago and Rambutan Subdistricts. The descriptive method was used in this study with the tabulated presentation. The parameters used in this study were the comparison of mechanization and conventional use, the number of available tools and machines, and the impacts of using and without using alsintan on farmers’ income. The results showed that the average income of rice farming with alsintan in three study subdistrict were IDR 22,355,500, IDR 15,400,000 and. IDR 13,250,000 and without alsintan were IDR 7,830,000, IDR 6,950,000 and. IDR 6,528,000/ha per planting season. The SERASI program increased the Crop Index (IP 300) in Muara Telang Subdistrict, and IP 200 in Tanjung Lago and Rambutan Subdistricts. This showed that the Alsintan utilizing in agricultural processing from the soil processing until the harvesting was more effective compared to the process without alsintan.

Implementasi Kebijakan Program Komando Strategis Pembangunan Pertanian (Kostratani) di Kecamatan Sukodono Kabupaten Sidoarjo

The Agricultural Development Strategic Command Program (Kostratani) emerged as the government's effort to realize national food sovereignty. Sidoarjo Regency, which has an area of 71,424.3 km2 and an area of 23,566 hectares of rice fields, with the agricultural sector being a leading commodity, seeks to realize the objectives of the program through the District Agricultural Extension Center (BPP), one of which is in Sukodono. The purpose of this study is to determine the extent of the implementation of the Strategic Agricultural Development Command Program (Kostratani) in Sukodono District, Sidoarjo Regency. This research uses descriptive qualitative research methods with data collection techniques through interviews with related parties and data observation. The theory used in this study is the theory of policy implementation from Merilee S.Grindle. The results of this study are expected to provide knowledge of public administration related to agriculture, especially the Strategic Agricultural Development Command Program (Kostratani). In addition, it is hoped that this research can help farmers to further increase agricultural potential and the urgency of agricultural progress in supporting the realization of national food sovereignty.

366 Impact of Haemonchus Contortus on Feed Intake in Katahdin Sheep Selected for Parasite Resistance

Haemonchus contortous (Hc) infections have decreased profitability of flocks worldwide through loss of production efficiency and in severe cases death. Countless research efforts have been made in order to further understand the extensive impact of this gastrointestinal nematode (GIN). Quantifying the impact feeding behavior after Hc infection may prove vital, in understanding internal effect on growing lambs. The aim of this study was to evaluate Katahdin lambs with extensive genetic evaluation for feed efficiency and behavior utilizing a Growsafe™ system. Katahdin ewes from the Virginia Tech Southwest Agriculture Research and Extension Center in Glade Springs Virginia were divergently selected based on fecal egg count (FEC) EBV and mated to rams (n = 8) of similar genotype. A subset of lambs was selected for feedlot evaluation and transported to West Virginia University. Lambs were fed a complete pellet (16% CP) ad libitum while individual intake was measured in pen-fed groups with a GrowSafe™ system. Half of the lambs from each sire FEC EBV group were infected with 5,000 Hc L3 larvae and observed for 6 weeks alongside uninfected contemporaries. Artificial Hc infection resulted in lambs becoming modestly infected with FEC peaking in week 5 at 324 eggs/g. Infection level was not significant between all 4 groups (P &lt; 0.05). Lambs administered H.C. had observably lower feed intake 2 days after infection. Both infected groups returned to normal intake with their control groups shortly after. Feed intake dropped again at day 10 and remained low until day 16 for LoFEC sired lambs and day 20 for HiFEC sired lambs. Offspring of low FEC rams exhibited an ability to return to normal intake levels earlier than lambs with high FEC EBV sires. Further analysis is needed with greater levels of parasite infection to confirm negative FEC EBV have a shorter duration of lower feed intake.

PSXI-16 Evaluation of supplementation strategies for beef cattle bale-grazing grass hay in Winter

Methods of supplementing beef cows while bale grazing grass hay were investigated in a study conducted for four winters, from 2016 to 2019, at the Central Grasslands Research Extension Center near Streeter, ND. Starting in the fall of each year, cows were assigned to eight groups of similar total body weight (BW) and allowed to bale graze one of four bale grazing treatments as follows: a) grass hay, b) grass hay supplemented with alfalfa hay, c) grass hay supplemented with corn DDGS, and d) grass hay treated with a liquid supplement. Two-day body weights and body condition scores (BCS) were taken at the start and end of the study. Final BW were greater (P ≤ 0.05) when cows were supplemented with DDGS and least when cows were not supplemented. Average daily gains were influenced by method of supplementation and year (P ≤ 0.025). When winters were cold, supplementation with alfalfa hay or a liquid supplement were not adequate to maintain cows resulting with weight loss. Final BCS were greatest (P ≤ 0.05) when cows were supplemented with DDGS and lowest on grass hay. Similarly, change in BCS was greatest in DDGS-supplemented cows and lowest on grass hay only. Calf birth weights, weaning weights and daily gains were not influenced (P &gt; 0.05) by method of supplementation. Results suggest that method of supplementation during bale grazing should be based on prevailing environmental conditions during winter. In severely cold winters, good-quality alfalfa hay or a liquid supplement are not adequate to meet requirements of pregnant beef cows in mid-gestation. Under such conditions, supplements such as corn DDGS will be needed to meet animal requirements. Supplementation with good-quality alfalfa hay or grass hay treated with a liquid supplement may be an option during mild winters.

Economic Impacts of Horticulture Research and Extension at MSU Coastal Research and Extension Center

This paper summarizes the estimates of the total changes in sales, expenses, and income of participants of the horticulture research and extension programs at the Mississippi State University—Coastal Research and Extension Center for the past five years. Major items outline the estimation procedures for the past five years. The average annual values were used in estimating the total economic impacts of added gross sales, expenses, and incomes of participants in horticulture events. The cumulative total impacts reach USD 8.7 million in sales, 76 jobs, USD 1.4 million in labor income, USD 2.4 million in value-added, and USD 0.4 million in local, state, and federal taxes. In addition, the total willingness to pay for the horticulture program by the adult participants reached USD 1.8 million. In comparison, the annual public spending on the horticulture program averaged USD 1.4 million, creating additional substantial economic impacts to the region.

Quantitative Assessment of the Economic Impacts of Horticulture Research and Extension at MSU Coastal Research and Extension Center

This paper summarizes the estimates of the total changes in sales, expenses, and income of participants of the horticulture research and extension programs at the Mississippi State University - Coastal Research and Extension Center for the past five years. Major items outline the estimation procedures for the past five years. The average annual values were used in estimating the total economic impacts of added gross sales, expenses, and incomes of participants in horticulture events. The cumulative total impacts reach $8.7 million in sales, 76 jobs, $1.4 million in labor income, $2.4 million in value-added, and $0.4 million in local, state, and federal taxes. In addition, the total willingness to pay for the horticulture program by the adult participants reached $1.8 million. In comparison, the annual public spending on the horticulture program averaged $1.4 million, creating additional substantial economic impacts to the region.