scholarly journals Management of Whiteflies, Bugs, and Leafminers on Fresh Market Tomatoes, Fall 1996

1998 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 156-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Schuster ◽  
Jane E. Polston
Keyword(s):  
Potato Virus Y ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Terminal Leaflet ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Water Plant ◽  
Spot Hybridization ◽  
Nucleic Acid Spot Hybridization ◽  
Polyethylene Mulch ◽  
Army Worm

Abstract Transplants were set 4 Sep, 18 inches apart on raised beds on EauGallie fine sand covered with black polyethylene mulch. Plots were 3-21 -ft-long rows on 5-ft centers and were irrigated by a seepage subirrigation system. Insecticidal treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Spray treatments were applied with a high-clearance, self-propelled sprayer on 13, 18, 23, 30 Sept, 9, 14, 21, 28 Oct, 4, 18, 25 Nov, 2 and 9 Dec. The sprayer was operated at 200 psi and 3.4 mph and was outfitted with orange Albuz™ ceramic nozzles. The number of nozzles per row was increased from 4 to 8 to increase gallonage as the plants grew. Thus, 60 gpa was applied for the first six sprays (four nozzles), 90 gpa was applied for the seventh spray (six nozzles) and 120 gpa was applied for the remaining six sprays (eight nozzles). Admire treatments were applied in 4 oz water/plant on 4 Sep. All plots were sprayed weekly with Bacillus thuringiensis for control of army worm larvae. The terminal leaflet was collected from the 7-8th leaf from the top of one branch of each of 10 plants in the middle row of each plot on 30 Oct, 22 Nov, and 16 Dec. Numbers of crawlers, sessile nymphs, and pupae of SLWF were counted and the data were averaged over all dates for analysis. All of the plants in the two outer rows of each plot were examined weekly for symptoms of virus. There are two viruses present which have nearly indistinguishable symptoms: tomato mottle virus (ToMoV), a geminivirus vectored by the SLWF, and potato virus Y (PVY), a potyvirus vectored by several species of aphids. All red ripe fruits were harvested from the middle 10 plants of the middle row of each plot on 12 Oct, 20 Nov, 4 and 17 Dec. The fruits were separated by the presence or absence of thrips and damage by the bugs SGS + LF. These fruits were counted and weighed. Each fruit was also rated 1-4 for increasing severity of irregular ripening (IRR), a disorder caused by SLWF feeding. The numbers of leafmines by LM were counted during a 2-min search of the middle row of each plot on 17 Dec. At the end of the experiment, a sample of three terminal leaflets was collected from each plant with ToMoV symptoms in the checks. The samples were frozen for later determination of the presence of ToMoV using nucleic acid spot hybridization and the presence of PVY using ELIS A.

scholarly journals Insect Control on Fresh Market Tomatoes in West-Central Florida, SPRING 1995

1996 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 186-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Schuster
Keyword(s):  
Fine Sand ◽  
Insect Control ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Central Florida ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
West Central ◽  
Trained Observers ◽  
Tomato Pinworm ◽  
Polyethylene Mulch

Abstract Transplants were set 10 Mar, 18 inches apart on 8-inch-high beds of EauGallie fine sand covered with white polyethylene mulch. Each plot consisted of a single 15 ft row with rows on 5 ft centers. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCB design and were applied with a 2.5 gal, hand-held CO2-powered sprayer on 3, 10, 17, 24 Apr, 1, 8, 15, 22, 31 May, 6 and 12 June. The sprayer was operated at 60 psi and delivered 60 gpa for the first two applications, 90 gpa the next two applications, and 120 gpa for the remaining applications using a single nozzle fitted with a D-5 disk and #25 core. On 10 May and 19 June, the numbers of tomato pinworm leaf rolls were counted by two persons in a 2 min. whole plot search. On 10 May, the numbers of Liriomyza spp. leafmines were counted by two trained observers in a 1 minute whole plot search. Pinworm and leafminer damage counts of both persons were totalled. Fruit were harvested on 10 May, 1, and 15 June. The number and weight of undamaged fruit and the number and weight of fruit damaged by armyworm larvae and flower thrips (fruit with five or more oviposition dimples on the blossom end) were determined.

scholarly journals Insect Control on Fresh Market Tomatoes in West-Central Florida, Fall 1994

1996 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-188
Author(s):  
David J. Schuster
Keyword(s):  
Fine Sand ◽  
Insect Control ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Central Florida ◽  
West Central ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Southern Armyworm ◽  
Polyethylene Mulch

Abstract Transplants were set 8 Aug, 18 inches apart on 8-inch-high beds of EauGallie fine sand covered with white polyethylene mulch. Each plot consisted of a single 15 ft row with rows on 5 ft centers. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCB design and were applied with a 2.5 gal, hand-held CO2-powered sprayer on 19, 27 Sept, 3, 10, 18, 26 Oct, 2, and 7 Nov. The sprayer was operated at 60 psi and delivered 60 gpa for the first application, 90 gpa the next two applications, and 120 gpa for the remaining applications using a single nozzle fitted with a D-5 disk and #45 core. Tributyrin was applied at 150 gm/gal on the first application, was not applied on the next two applications, and was applied at 15 gm/gal on the last five applications. On 31 Oct, the numbers of ‘Liriomyza’ spp. leafmines and the number of southern armyworm larvae were counted by two persons in whole plant searchs of 1 min and 30 sec, respectively, and counts of both persons were totalled. Fruit were harvested on 18, 31 Oct and 14 Nov. The number and weight of undamaged fruit and the number of fruit damaged by armyworm larvae were determined.

scholarly journals THE DISTRIBUTION CONDITIONS, THE COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF THE SOILS OF THE KHARKOV SUITE OF PALEOGENE OF THE SOUTHEAST OF BELARUS

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-73
Author(s):  
O. I. Galeznik ◽  
A. N. Galkin
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Data ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Soil Sampling ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Size And Morphology ◽  
The City

The deposits of the Kharkov suite of Paleogene of Belarus are the soils formed at the turn of existence and regression of the last sea basin and the final establishment of the continental situation in the territory of the country. They are widely spread in the south of the republic and lie mostly at depths of 100–110 m. In the southeast of Belarus, along the valleys of large rivers, these soils often reach the surface. The latter predetermined their active use as the foundations of structures. This is especially pronounced in the city of Gomel, where a wide development of territories is currently underway, within which these soils lie at depths of less than 10 m. The purpose of the work is to characterize the conditions for the distribution of the soils of the Kharkov suite of Paleogene within the southeast of Belarus and to study the characteristics of their composition and structure. The work is based on the results of the author's field and laboratory studies, which included a description of the outcrops, pits, and well cores; soil sampling; determination of their chemical and mineral, granulometric and microaggregate compositions, moisture characteristics for the classification of clay soils, as well as the results of statistical data processing. The paper presents the typification of the soil strata of the Kharkov suite of Paleogene of the southeast of Belarus, which allowed us to isolate three characteristic sites that differ in terms of their distribution, depth, thickness of the strata and composition of the soils. Nine granulometric sand and clay differences within the isolated areas were identified. The study of chemical-mineral and granulometric compositions of soils made it possible to identify their significant changes, both in area and in the section, which is caused by confinement to various facies zones, frequent migration of the coastline, long and uneven erosion and glacier-exaction destruction. The interrelation of the mineral composition, size and morphology of sandy soil particles is analyzed, it is noted that in all their varieties medium and fine sand fractions differ in the greatest mineral diversity.

Supplemental fumigant placement improves root-knot and Fusarium wilt management for tomatoes produced on a raised bed, plasti-culture system in Florida’s Myakka fine sand.

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline E. Land ◽  
Gary E. Vallad ◽  
Johan Desaeger ◽  
Edzard van Santen ◽  
Joseph Noling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Wilt ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Culture System ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Control Activity ◽  
Raised Bed

Fresh-market tomatoes are produced on a raised-bed, plasti-culture system that relies heavily on soil applied, pre-plant fumigants for the management of soil borne pathogens, nematodes and weeds. Since the transition from methyl bromide to alternative fumigants, growers have experienced a resurgence of several soil borne pests and pathogens, including root-knot nematode caused by Meloidogyne spp. and Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici Race 3 (FOL). This resurgence is attributed to the inability of the alternative fumigants to effectively disperse through the soil in the same manner as methyl bromide. Two supplemental fumigation strategies, the application of chloropicrin below bed edges (supplemental PIC) and broadcast, deep shank applications of 1,3-dichloropropene (deep shank 1,3-D), were evaluated in conjunction with standard raised-bed applications of Pic-Clor 60, Pic-Clor 80, and Pic 100 covered with either a virtually impermeable film (VIF) or totally impermeable film (TIF). Large plot replicated studies were conducted in two separate commercial tomato fields with a history of production losses caused by root-knot nematode and Fusarium wilt. Deep shank 1,3-D applications significantly reduced the recovery of root-knot and total parasitic nematodes across field sites prior to the preparation of raised beds. Both supplemental PIC and deep shank 1,3-D reduced root-knot galling and Fusarium wilt incidence; although, the latter supplemental treatment statistically had the greatest impact. Neither the fumigant applied within raised beds nor plastic film had a significant effect on root-knot galling or Fusarium wilt. Although both supplemental fumigation strategies had a significant effect on pest and disease pressure, neither statistically improved tomato yields based on small sub-plot harvests. Controlled lab experiments confirmed the fungicidal activity of 1,3-dichloropropene against FOL, with LD75, LD90, LD95, and LD99 corresponding to estimated field application rates of 56.1, 93.5, 121.6, 184.7 L/ha, respectively. Results demonstrate how fumigant placement can improve pest and disease control activity with current fumigant alternatives to methyl bromide; and further support the broader pesticidal activity of some chemical fumigants.

Analysis of the Effect of Adding Sandy Clay into Cement Mortar on the Bending Strength of Built-Up Masonry Prisms

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 26-37
Author(s):  
Hassan M. Hassan Ali ◽  
Koh Heng Boon ◽  
Rasheed Altouhami ◽  
Ng Wei Shen ◽  
Ashraf Radwan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bending Strength ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Fine Aggregate ◽  
Clay Brick ◽  
Masonry Unit ◽  
Natural Sand ◽  
Sandy Clay ◽  
Masonry Prism ◽  
Masonry Units

Mortar is a workable paste essential in civil and building construction. Mortar works as binding material extensively use for masonry unit in construction. The global consumption of natural sand is very high, due to the extensive use of concrete or mortar. Natural sand deposits are being depleted and causing a serious threat to the environment as well as the society. Sandy clay has been widely use in preparing the mortar for masonry work. The aim of this research was to study the bending strength of built-up masonry prism using sandy clay mortar. There were two series of mortar containing 0% and 100% of sandy clay had been prepared. The sandy clay was used to replace natural fine aggregate. Mortar with 0% sandy clay was the control mix containing 100% natural fine aggregate. Three types of masonry unit consist of clay brick, cement brick and lightweight brick were used in this study. The masonry units were combined together using the mortar joints to form the masonry prisms. 100% natural fine sand and 100% sandy clay mortar were prepared and used for the joints. Built-up masonry prisms with single and double joints of mortar. Also, the masonry prisms contained from a length ranging from 390 mm to 610 mm were prepared using the mortar joints. The thickness of the mortar joint which was used in this study was 10 mm, 20 mm and 30 mm. the prisms had been tested for the determination of bending strength at 28 days. The experimental results were analyzed to investigate the effect of sandy clay and thickness of mortar on the bending strength of built-up masonry prism. Results had shown that masonry prism built with sandy clay mortar has higher bending strength compare to the fine sand mortar. Clay brick exhibited highest bending strength with sandy clay mortar which was 38.28 N/mm2and cement brick had the lowest bending strength which was 18.8 N/mm2, while cement brick achieved optimum bending strength. In addition, the highest collapse and deflection achieved by clay brick and cement brick whereas the lowest value of collapse and deflection was by lightweight brick. The highest percentage of increment in terms of collapse load was determined to be 13.73% for sandy clay mortar prism. Hence, 100% sandy clay mortar is suitable to be used in masonry works.

Detection of Huanglongbing (Citrus Greening) Disease by Nucleic Acid Spot Hybridization

2009 ◽  
Vol 64 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 711-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuraba Gopal ◽  
Sundeep Sudarsan ◽  
Venati Gopi ◽  
Latchireddy Naram Naidu ◽  
Maniyaram Ramaiah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Infected Tissue ◽  
Citrus Greening Disease ◽  
Pcr Product ◽  
Spot Hybridization ◽  
Total Dna ◽  
Nucleic Acid Spot Hybridization

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification with primers specific to the rDNA region successfully amplified the 1160-bp DNA fragment from a Huanglongbing (HLB)-infected sweet orange sample with mottling symptoms leaves, but not from healthy sweet orange plants. The PCR product of 1160-bp was used as probe labeled with biotin for detection of the HLB pathogen in the nucleic acid spot hybridization (NASH) test. It was found that the HLB pathogen could be detected up to 1:100 dilution in HLB-infected tissue. Total DNA extracted from HLB-infected tissue was diluted 2-fold as 900 ng in TE buffer and spotted on a nitrocellulose membrane. Strong signals were observed up to 225 ng of DNA dilution, whereas a moderate signal was recorded at 112 ng. No hybridization signal was observed in the healthy samples, while strong signals were observed in the positive control

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