scholarly journals Validation of Lower Tier Exposure Tools Used for REACH: Comparison of Tools Estimates With Available Exposure Measurements

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (8) ◽  
pp. 921-938 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martie van Tongeren ◽  
Judith Lamb ◽  
John W Cherrie ◽  
Laura MacCalman ◽  
Ioannis Basinas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Tier ◽  
Exposure Measurements

Consensus, Authority, and the Interpretive Community in the Thought of Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-Ṭabarī

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devin J. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Interpretive Community ◽  
Lower Tier ◽  
The Past ◽  
Qur'anic Exegesis

Examination of al-Ṭabarī’s oeuvre as a whole reveals certain patterns that cut across fields. The following article addresses the concept of ḥujja, which is related to his understanding of consensus. It has been pointed out that al-Ṭabarī uses the term ḥujja (‘proof’) with two quite different meanings in his Qur'anic commentary, Jāmiʿ al-bayān. In one sense, ḥujja designates a proof such as a Qur'anic verse, a ḥadīth report, or an instance of consensus. In the second sense, ḥujja refers to particular people, scholars of the past whom al-Ṭabarī considers the most prominent authorities in a particular field. Al-Ṭabarī uses the term in a similar fashion in the extant sections of his legal work Ikhtilāf al-fuqahāʾ, and examination of the two works in combination reveals regularities in al-Ṭabarī’s understanding of hermeneutics across fields, including law, Qur'anic variants (qirāʾāt), and Qur'anic exegesis (tafsīr). His use of the term ḥujja implies that he conceived of the interpretive community in tafsīr and other fields as comprised of two tiers, a lower tier of all competent scholars and an upper tier—the ḥujja—of those scholars whose opinions were instrumental in shaping discourse in the field in question.

The Problems of Ignorance and Uncertainty

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holly M. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Decision Makers ◽  
Lower Tier ◽  
Theoretical Account ◽  
Hybrid Approaches ◽  
Tier System ◽  
Special Case

Chapter 9 turns to further epistemic barriers for decision makers: the problems of (nonmoral) ignorance and (nonmoral) uncertainty. The concepts of “ignorance” and “uncertainty” are elucidated, the problem of uncertainty is defined, and it is argued that the problem of ignorance should be treated as a special case of the problem of uncertainty. The three salient attempts to solve the problem are the Pragmatic, Austere, and Hybrid approaches. Combined solutions to the problem of error and the problem of uncertainty are explored, and it is argued that the only feasible approaches marry the Austere Response to the problem of error with the Hybrid Response to the problem of uncertainty in a two-tier system. The top-tier code provides the correct theoretical account of right and wrong, while the lower-tier rules provide associated decision-guides. Consistency requires that different normative terms be used by the top-tier rules and by the lower-tier rules.

Classifying player positions in second-tier Australian football competitions using technical skill indicators

2021 ◽  
pp. 174795412110102
Author(s):  
Adrian J Barake ◽  
Heather Mitchell ◽  
Constantino Stavros ◽  
Mark F Stewart ◽  
Preety Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Positional Information ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Model ◽  
Sports Science ◽  
Lower Tier ◽  
Australian Football League ◽  
Australian Football ◽  
Second Tier ◽  
Performance Statistics ◽  
Player Performance ◽  
Player Positions

Efficient recruitment to Australia’s most popular professional sporting competition, the Australian Football League (AFL), requires evaluators to assess athlete performances in many lower tier leagues that serve as pathways. These competitions and their games are frequent, widespread, and challenging to track. Therefore, independent, and reliable player performance statistics from these leagues are paramount. This data, however, is only meaningful to recruiters from AFL teams if accurate player positions are known, which was not the case for the competitions from which most players were recruited. This paper explains how this problem was recently solved, demonstrating a process of knowledge translation from academia to industry, that bridged an important gap between sports science, coaching and recruiting. Positional information which is only available from the AFL competition was used to benchmark and develop scientific classification methods using only predictor variables that are also measured in lower tier competitions. Specifically, a Multinomial Logistic model was constructed to allocate players into four primary positions, followed by a Binary Logit model for further refinement. This novel technique of using more complete data from top tier competitions to help fill informational deficiencies in lower leagues could be extended to other sports that face similar issues.

THE FEATURES OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSFORMATION IN THE MODERN CITY (CASE STUDY OF KRASNOYARSK)

2021 ◽  
pp. 55-74
Author(s):  
Irina V. Kukina ◽  
◽  
Natalya A. Unagaeva ◽  
Irina G. Fedchenko ◽  
Alexei U. Lipovka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Spaces ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Morphological Development ◽  
City Development ◽  
Residential Housing ◽  
City Environment ◽  
Lower Tier ◽  
Cultural Processes ◽  
Planning Concepts ◽  
The City

Urban planning concepts for mass housing construction were tested in the cities of Russia before the XXI century, the legislative framework changed, the centralized architectural activity lost its force. The diversification of the economy, the development of socio-cultural processes radically changed the approach to the formation of the city environment. The fulfillment of the requirements for the intensification and rationality of the use of territories without a comprehensive study of the city morphology changing often leads to the environment deformations. The purpose of the study is to identify the tendencies of the city morphology development under the influence of changes in ideas about the environmental quality. The city environment is understood as the unity of the natural and anthropogenic landscape, as well as the effective force – the citizens. In the study, the tasks were: to identify the most sustainable elements of the natural framework, constructed areas in a historical sequence; to determine the morphological periods of the Krasnoyarsk development, morphotops of the residential territories; to investigate the structure of the city fringe belts; to formulate the tendencies of the development of lower tier pf the residential housing and public spaces as the most susceptible to change under the influence of socio-cultural processes; to formulate the tendencies of the morphological development of Krasnoyarsk. To determine the boundaries of morphotops, calculate indicators CIS-tools with georeferenced data were used. To analyze the functional density of saturation of morphotopes with objects of small and medium-size business geoanalytical visualization of “functional flows” was performed. To assess pedestrian accessibility and visual connectivity, a spatial syntax method was used in the work. The main results of the calculated indicators were produced be the method of exploratory data analysis/ As a result of the study, the socio-cultural processes influencing the development of the morphology of the city were established; morphological period of the city development, morphotops of residential arears have been determined, changes have been made to the typology of public spaces, the concept of fringe belts has been confirmed, a new type of fixation line has been established, the pattern of development of lower tier of residential housing have been investigated. These results characterize he features of the transformation of the city environment and can be used for the purpose of architectural and urban design.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Exposure Assessment Tools under REACH: Part II—Higher Tier Tools

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 230-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun Gyung Lee ◽  
Judith Lamb ◽  
Nenad Savic ◽  
Ioannis Basinas ◽  
Bojan Gasic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exposure Assessment ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Local Exhaust Ventilation ◽  
Limit Value ◽  
Exposure Category ◽  
Input Parameters ◽  
Full Shift ◽  
Exposure Levels ◽  
Exposure Measurements

Abstract Stoffenmanager®v4.5 and Advanced REACH Tool (ART) v1.5, two higher tier exposure assessment tools for use under REACH, were evaluated by determining accuracy and robustness. A total of 282 exposure measurements from 51 exposure situations (ESs) were collected and categorized by exposure category. In this study, only the results of liquids with vapor pressure (VP) > 10 Pa category having a sufficient number of exposure measurements (n = 251 with 42 ESs) were utilized. In addition, the results were presented by handling/activity description and input parameters for the same exposure category. It should be noted that the performance results of Stoffenmanager and ART in this study cannot be directly compared for some ESs because ART allows a combination of up to four subtasks (and nonexposed periods) to be included, whereas the database for Stoffenmanager, separately developed under the permission of the legal owner of Stoffenmanager, permits the use of only one task to predict exposure estimates. Thus, it would be most appropriate to compare full-shift measurements against ART predictions (full shift including nonexposed periods) and task-based measurements against task-based Stoffenmanager predictions. For liquids with VP > 10 Pa category, Stoffenmanager®v4.5 appeared to be reasonably accurate and robust when predicting exposures [percentage of measurements exceeding the tool’s 90th percentile estimate (%M > T) was 15%]. Areas that could potentially be improved include ESs involving the task of handling of liquids on large surfaces or large work pieces, allocation of high and medium VP inputs, and absence of local exhaust ventilation input. Although the ART’s median predictions appeared to be reasonably accurate for liquids with VP > 10 Pa, the %M > T for the 90th percentile estimates was 41%, indicating that variance in exposure levels is underestimated by ART. The %M > T using the estimates of the upper value of 90% confidence interval (CI) of the 90th percentile estimate (UCI90) was considerably reduced to 18% for liquids with VP > 10 Pa. On the basis of this observation, users might be to consider using the upper limit value of 90% CI of the 90th percentile estimate for predicting reasonable worst case situations. Nevertheless, for some activities and input parameters, ART still shows areas to be improved. Hence, it is suggested that ART developers review the assumptions in relation to exposure variability within the tool, toward improving the tool performance in estimating percentile exposure levels. In addition, for both tools, only some handling/activity descriptions and input parameters were considered. Thus, further validation studies are still necessary.

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