Defining ‘woman': A governmentality analysis of how protective policies are created in elite women's sport

Women's sport remains a contested realm that frequently features standards and regulations premised on women's inferiority and physiological distinctions from men. In response to these purported sex-based differences, a range of protective policies have been implemented to ostensibly ensure women's safety and health, defend “fair competition” in women's sport, and/or prevent the violation of social and medical boundaries that define who is a “woman.” Yet, protective policies encompass a multitude of rationales and strategies, demonstrating the malleability of “protection” in terms of who is protected and why. In this article, I draw from Michel Foucault's theory of “governmentality” to investigate the nuances of protective policies, especially their placed importance on sex differences. To do so, I examine three case studies: World Athletics’ (WA) 2019 female eligibility policy, WA's 2019 transgender eligibility policy, and the International Olympic Committee's (IOC) consensus statement on relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S). Using document texts and semi-structured interviews with eight scientists involved with developing the case studies, I find that protective policies are developed through messy and often contentious processes that selectively draw from varying knowledges and discourses. This then culminates in contrasting methods of defining, protecting, and governing women athletes and their bodies.

RESEARCHES ON THE TESTING IN LABORATORY CONDITIONS OF AN ECOLOGICAL CLIMATE SYSTEM USED FOR SELFPROPELED AGRICULTURAL MACHINES

Nowadays, cooling the air by means of climate maintenance systems is achieved, in most cases, using installations based on freon or other substances that cause pollution. Taking into account the fact that the EEC standards and regulations increase the emphasis on ensuring the quality, labour safety, health and environment, finding a solution for air conditioners that do not use a substance that causes pollution, has become a necessity. As a great part of farming work is done in the warmest periods of the year, temperatures being frequently over 35oC, it is necessary to equip the agricultural machines with air conditioners in order to achieve a thermic comfort in the cab. For this purpose, an air conditioner based on the process of water evaporation was designed, made and tested. The installation is able to cool the air that enters into the cab through the evaporation process that takes place in the special filling, with an efficiency of the mixing process more than 90%. Air passing sections are calculated so that they can assure both the quantity needed for climate maintenance in the cab (about 3.5 - 4 m3/min) and the relative speed between air and water in the filling, in order for the evaporation process to be conducted in the best conditions that were theoretical established.

Strength and life estimation for assigning the useful life of wheelpairs of high-speed flat wagons

Aim. The most vital unit of railway rolling stock is a wheelpair, as a broken wheel or axle may have catastrophic consequences. Therefore, before the production of a highspeed flat wagon designed for operation at speeds of up to 140 km/h, which is unique for the 1520 mm gauge space, could commence, it was required to research the applicability of the standard wheelpair for high-speed movement. Ensuring the safe operation of a wheelpair involves compliance with the requirements that are to be confirmed by means of assessment of strength and durability parameters [1]. Product conformity assessment may be based on the requirements of standards, whose voluntary fulfilment ensures compliance with [1], or other documents. Methods. The paper describes the computational and experimental methods used for confirming the strength and estimating the life (durability) of wheelpair elements in the probabilistic setting. As experimental data, the authors used the results of full-scale bench testing of wheelpairs for fatigue using the method of rotational bending as it best approximates the loading conditions in operation. The results confirmed the endurance limits of the axle and wheel as parts of an assembled wheelpair. Using design analysis, the authors examined the stress-strain state of the wheelpair caused by installation and operational loads in various running modes. Results. The conducted studies confirmed the wheelpair’s compliance with the requirements of [1–3] in terms of safety factors of fatigue strength and endurance, which eliminates the possibility of hazardous situations in the course of high-speed flat wagon operation. The time to fatigue crack nucleation in wheelpair components was evaluated using the fatigue resistance figures of the parts and equivalent amplitudes of dynamic stress caused by operational loads. It appears that this assessment allows establishing – with the assumed probability of destruction – the assigned useful life of a wheelpair axle at 32 years, which corresponds to the assigned useful life of the flat wagon according to the combined criterion. Corresponding standards and regulations required for developing the container-carrying flat wagon are being updated and a new State Standard is being developed. Conclusion. The conducted conformity assessment established that the flat wagon wheelpair meets the safety requirements of [1] and ensures the absence of unacceptable risks associated with harm to life and health of people, animals and plants, the environment and property of individuals and companies in the course of flat wagon operation.

Fungal Spoilage And Its Economic Impact On Maize (Zea Mays L.) And Wheat (Triticum aestivum L) In West Shoa, Ethiopia

Food grains may be attacked by fungi in the field which can then develop rapidly during storage when conditions are suitable which result in losses in both quantity and quality in addition to decreasing nutritional value and mycotoxin production. Of the world’s grain harvest, lost during storage by microorganisms including insects, mites, and rodents is higher especially in developing countries. A study to assess fungal spoilage and contamination of two stored food grains of maize and wheat and its economic impact on the livelihood community were carried out in six localities, vis., Bako, Ejaji, Cheliya, Toke Kutaye, Ginde Beret and Holeta. A total of 120 samples (60maize and 60wheat) were collected using purposive and stratified random sampling. Isolation of fungi from collected food grains were done using dry inspection and incubation test (agar plate method) and identification was done based on cultural characteristics and microscopic features. Results of the current study indicated that the mean fungal contamination of the food grains had the highest levels of infection and contamination. Maize was infected by more than 11 different genera of 831 different fungi while the wheat seeds were also infected by 8 genera of 768 different molds. Across the study sites, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium and Alternaria were the most predominant fungal genera identified among the study sites. There was more mycotoxin producing fungal genera isolated from those samples of both maize and wheat with high level of contamination. Mycotoxin levels increased with storage time such that maize and wheat samples stored for more than six months may exceed the levels greater than the FDA/WHO regulatory limits. Hence, indicating that maize and wheat consumers in the study area are exposed to the danger of mycotoxin poisoning. Thus, there is the need for policy makers to establish and enforce food grain quality standards and regulations related to molds and mycotoxins across the country and specifically among study area to minimize health hazards related to consumption of contaminated foods.

Comparison Failure and Successful Methodologies for Diffusion Measurements Undertaken inside Two Different Testing Rooms

The scattering phenomenon is known to be of great importance for the acoustic quality of a performance arts space. The scattering of sound can be achieved in different ways: it can be obtained by the presence of architectural and/or decorating elements inside a room (e.g., columns, statues), by the geometry and roughness of a surface (e.g., Quadratic Residue Diffuser (QRD)) and by the diffraction effect occurring when a sound wave hits the edges of an obstacle. This article deals with the surface scattering effects and the diffusion phenomenon only related to MDF and plywood panels tested by disposing the wells both horizontally and vertically. The test results undertaken inside a semi-reverberant room and inside a large reverberant room have been compared to highlight the success and the failure of the measuring methodologies. In detail, according to the existing standards and regulations (i.e., ISO 17497—Part 2), diffusion measurements have been undertaken on a few selected types of panel: two QRD panels (made of Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF) and plywood) with and without a smooth painted solid wood placed behind the QRD. The panels have been tested inside two rooms of different characteristics: a semi-anechoic chamber (Room A) and a large reverberant room (Room B). The volume size influenced the results that have been analyzed for both chambers, showing an overlap of reflections on panels tested inside Room A and a clear diffusion response for the panels tested inside Room B. In terms of the diffusion coefficient in all the octave bands between 125 Hz and 8 kHz, results should not be considered valid for panels tested in Room A because they were negatively impacted by extraneous reflections, while they are reliable for panels tested in Room B.

Evaluation of fire safety maintenance of an educational laboratory facility

This paper aims to evaluate fire safety systems of educational building laboratories by exploring the passive, active systems, and fire safety management. The evaluation was carried out in the University Integrated Engineering Lab in Depok City based on the applicable standards and regulations in Indonesia. Educational laboratories require a high-level safety measure against potential fire hazards due to the nature of the activities and equipment used. A reliable fire protection system and fire safety maintenance program are required to provide a comprehensive safety working environment. Lack of maintenance of fire safety systems is one of the causes of fires in educational laboratories. Triangulation methods consisting of field observation, interview, and document review were applied in this study along with descriptive and comparative analysis. Measurements by means of AutoCAD and Dialux simulation were carried out to support the evaluation process. The results show that the main features of the fire safety systems are installed in these laboratories according to the applicable standards and regulations. However, this study reveals that it is necessary to repair the walls, rearrange the sprinkler’s head spacing, add fire extinguisher, sort waste, and establish a fire emergency response team and safety organization.

Dissemination of solar power plant technology for household roofs

This Community Partnership Service Program (PKM) aims to provide science and technology solutions that are offered to community business groups in the Rapak Dalam Village, Loa Janan Ilir District, Samarinda City, East Kalimantan Province, namely in the form of Introduction to PLTS Roofing, Planning and Utilization of Rooftop PLTS. The method used in this PKM activity is socialization and assistance to the community. The results of achieving the targets include knowledge, understanding, and application of On Gid JTR - Rooftop PLTS, household community participation in preventing global warming, energy mix target of 23% by 2025; obtain the benefits of cost-effective PLN electricity (cheap electricity), meet human and environmental safety requirements, meet standards. The short-term category ranges from 60% to 70%, and the long-term category ranges from 90% to 99%. Components of PKM Activities and Variables Criteria for PKM Partners Business Groups as Household Consumers Using PLN Electricity and as PKM Business Groups Utilizing PLTS Roofs have been in accordance with the application of science and technology and meet applicable standards and regulations, where the qualitative level gains ranged from moderate to good, while the quantitative level is 70% to 90%.

Penerapan Good Governance dalam Pengelolaan Keuangan Desa Kuala Alam Kecamatan Bengkalis

The purpose of this study was to determain the application of the principles of participation, responsibility, accountability, and transparancy in financial management starting from planning, implementation, administration, reporting, and accountability in Kuala Alam Village, Bengkalis District, Bengkalis Regency. This type of research is qualitative with a case study. Data collection techniques performed consisted of observation, interviews, and documentation. The results of this study indicate that the village government of Kuala Alam is responsible to the community, the BPD, the Regent to compile a work plan that has been prepared during the village meeting. Openness in obtaining information that has been conveyed to the public consists of billboards containing information about the APBDes. At the time of planning the village government of Kuala Alam had conducted a musrenbang involving the community. When implementing Kasi and Kaur, they must be responsible for the tasks that have been given in accordance with the standards and regulations. While at the reporting and accountability stage the Kuala Alam village government has provided reports to the Regent through the Camat and BPD as community participants. In addition the village government of Kuala Alam installed billboards in front of the Kuala Alam village office to make it easier for the people of Kuala Alam to obtain information. So that with this research both the community and the Kuala Alam Village Government can cooperate with each other in conducting supervision on village financial management in order to create good governance.Keywords: Management; Participation; Responsibility; Accountability; Transparency. AbstrakPenelitian bertujuan untuk mengungkap penerapan prinsip partisipasi, responsibilitas, akuntabilitas, dan transparansi dalam pengelolaan keuangan desa dimulai pada tahap perencanaan, pelaksanaan, Penatausahaan, Pelaporan, dan pertanggungjawaban di Desa Kuala Alam Kecamatan Bengkalis Kabupaten Bengkalis. Jenis penelitian ini adalah kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kasus. Teknik pengumpulan data yaitu observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Pemerintah desa Kuala Alam bertanggungjawab kepada masyarakat, BPD, Bupati untuk melaksanakan rencana kerja kegiatan yang telah disusun pada saat musyawarah desa. Keterbukaan dalam mendapatkan informasi yang telah disusun disampaikan kepada masyarakat berupa baliho yang berisi informasi tentang APBDesa. Pada saat perencanaan pemerintah desa Kuala Alam sudah melakukan Musyawarah Perencanaan Pembangunan melibatkan masyarakat. Pada saat pelaksanaan Kasi dan Kaur sudah bertanggungjawab atas tugas yang telah diberikan yaitu sesuai dengan standar dan aturan yang berlaku. Dalam tahap penatausahan pemerintah desa sudah melakukan pembukuan dengan tertib. Sedangkan pada tahap pelaporan dan pertanggungjawaban pemerintah desa Kuala Alam sudah memberikan laporan kepada Bupati melalui Camat dan BPD sebagai perwakilan masyarakat. Selain itu pemerintah Desa Kuala Alam memasang baliho didepan kantor desa Kuala Alam agar mempermudah masyarakat Kuala Alam untuk memperoleh informasi. Sehingga dengan adanya penelitian ini baik masyarakat maupun Pemerintah Desa Kuala Alam bisa saling bekerjasama dalam melakukan pengawasan terhadap pengelolaan keuangan desa agar terciptanya Good Governance yang baik.Kata Kunci: Pengelolaan; Partisipasi; Responsibilitas; Akuntabilitas; Transparansi.