scholarly journals Growth of Nestling Thick-billed Murres (Uria lomvia) in Relation toParental Experience and Hatching Date

The Auk ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 119 (3) ◽  
pp. 827-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Mark Hipfner ◽  
Anthony J. Gaston
Keyword(s):  
Extended Period ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Avian Species ◽  
Parental Age ◽  
Hatching Date ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Breeding Performance ◽  
Uria Lomvia ◽  
Nestling Growth ◽  
Parental Experience

Abstract In many avian species, reproductive success increases with parental age and experience, and declines seasonally. However, it is difficult to evaluate how parental attributes affect reproduction independently of date effects, because young, inexperienced pairs generally lay later than older, experienced pairs. We examined how parental experience and timing affected nestling growth in the Thick-billed Murre (Uria lomvia), an Arctic seabird that lays a single-egg clutch, by taking advantage of a natural contrast made possible by marked within-group synchrony. That is a common feature at murre colonies, and enabled us to monitor the breeding performance of experienced pairs over an extended period that overlapped with breeding by inexperienced pairs late in the season. Whereas growth of offspring raised by experienced parents was unaffected by their hatching date, offspring raised by inexperienced parents grew more slowly than those raised concurrently by experienced parents. Therefore, parental experience influenced nestling growth rates whereas timing did not, a result that accords with previous studies on this species. Absence of direct effects of timing of egg-laying on breeding success of Thick-billed Murres stands in sharp contrast to many other avian species, and seems surprising for an Arctic-nesting species often assumed to be strictly time-constrained in its breeding.

Growth of Nestling Thick-Billed Murres (Uria lomvia) in Relation to Parental Experience and Hatching Date

The Auk ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 119 (3) ◽  
pp. 827-832
Author(s):  
J. Mark Hipfner ◽  
Anthony J. Gaston
Keyword(s):  
Hatching Date ◽  
Uria Lomvia ◽  
Parental Experience

scholarly journals Phenology of two interdependent traits in migratory birds in response to climate change

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1807) ◽  
pp. 20150288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadiah Pardede Kristensen ◽  
Jacob Johansson ◽  
Jörgen Ripa ◽  
Niclas Jonzén
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Resource Availability ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Hatching Date ◽  
Arrival Date ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
Asynchronous Hatching

In migratory birds, arrival date and hatching date are two key phenological markers that have responded to global warming. A body of knowledge exists relating these traits to evolutionary pressures. In this study, we formalize this knowledge into general mathematical assumptions, and use them in an ecoevolutionary model. In contrast to previous models, this study novelty accounts for both traits—arrival date and hatching date—and the interdependence between them, revealing when one, the other or both will respond to climate. For all models sharing the assumptions, the following phenological responses will occur. First, if the nestling-prey peak is late enough, hatching is synchronous with, and arrival date evolves independently of, prey phenology. Second, when resource availability constrains the length of the pre-laying period, hatching is adaptively asynchronous with prey phenology. Predictions for both traits compare well with empirical observations. In response to advancing prey phenology, arrival date may advance, remain unchanged, or even become delayed; the latter occurring when egg-laying resources are only available relatively late in the season. The model shows that asynchronous hatching and unresponsive arrival date are not sufficient evidence that phenological adaptation is constrained. The work provides a framework for exploring microevolution of interdependent phenological traits.

Social Behaviour in an Australian Allodapine Bee Exoneura (Brevineura) xanthoclypeata (Hymenoptera : Apidae)

1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon M. Tierney ◽  
Michael P. Schwarz ◽  
M. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Social Evolution ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Extensive Study ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Brood Production ◽  
Brood Rearing ◽  
Reproductive Differentiation ◽  
Two Factors

The allodapine bees are well suited for comparative studies of social evolution because of the wide variation in social behaviour within and between genera. There are three main clades in the endemic Australian genus Exoneura. Two groups (Exoneura sensu stricto and Exoneurella) have received extensive study. In this paper we provide the first detailed study of social behaviour in the third group, Brevineura, based on a heathland population of Exoneura (B.) xanthoclypeata Rayment. This species has two seasonal pulses of egg-laying and brood rearing occurs throughout most of the year, including winter. This extended period of egg-laying and brood development differs from the two other Australian Exoneura subgenera and provides extensive opportunities for eusocial-like sib-rearing. Dissection data indicate that reproductive differentiation among adult nestmates is well developed and dependent on body size, with smaller females being mostly or entirely non-reproductive. Per capita brood production is dramatically higher in multi-female nests than in single-female nests and relatedness between adult nestmates is moderately high (r ≈ 0·5). These two factors suggest that local fitness enhancement may be occurring and our limited sex allocation data suggest female-biased ratios. Because of the opportunities for sib-rearing in this species, local fitness enhancement has the potential to lower selective thresholds for eusociality.

The influence of sibling gender on the growth and survival of Great-tailed Grackle nestlings

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (9) ◽  
pp. 1925-1930 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin L. Teather
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Hatching Date ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Nestling Growth ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Predominantly Female ◽  
Sibling Gender

Growth and survival of Great-tailed Grackle (Quiscalus mexicanus) nestlings were monitored over 3 years to determine if greater food demands of sons influenced nestling success. I predicted that (i) the growth rates of nestlings would be lower in nests containing mostly males, and (ii) the chance of all nestlings in predominantly male broods fledging would be less than that in predominantly female broods. Sibling gender and the overall sex ratio of the brood had little effect on nestling growth. There was no evidence that starvation was more frequent if the oldest nestlings were males rather than females, although there was some evidence that broods of three containing two or three males were less likely to fledge all nestlings than those containing two or three females. Mass at fledging for both males and females was influenced most strongly by hatching sequence and to a lesser extent by egg mass and hatching date.

scholarly journals Plants with known antagonistic properties against pests: how they influence non-target free-living soil fauna?

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 41-53
Author(s):  
Kassimira Ilieva-Makulec ◽  
Michał Bielecki ◽  
Grzegorz Makulec
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Soil Fauna ◽  
Antagonistic Effect ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Soil Nematodes ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Living Species ◽  
Reproduction Period

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of three plant species with known antagonistic properties against pests on selected free-living species of soil fauna. The direct effects of aqueous extracts (from hemp leaves and garlic pulp) on the survival of representatives of nematodes, potworms and earthworms were studied. In the case of nematodes, the effects of hemp extracts on the egg production, total fertility and juvenile hatching efficiency were also assessed. Moreover the indirect plant impact (in the form of hemp litter added to the soil or through the root system during planting of castor bean) on soil nematodes was studied. The results of the bioassays confirmed the antagonistic effect of the plant extracts. The most sensitive to the hemp extract toxicity were nematodes, less potworms and at least earthworms. The toxicity of the hemp extract showed a clear dependence on its concentration. The garlic extract showed less toxicity to nematodes than the hemp extract did. The incubation of nematode females in the hemp extracts of different concentrations affected the rate of egg laying, the length of reproduction period and the hatching efficiency but did not affect their overall fertility. In soil, both the hemp litter and the castor plants had a positive indirect effect on the numbers of nematodes at least during the experiment.

Ecological relationships between Common Murres, Uria aalge, and Thick-billed Murres, Uria lomvia, at the Gannet Islands, Labrador. I. Morphometrics and timing of breeding

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (7) ◽  
pp. 1621-1629 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. Birkhead ◽  
D. N. Nettleship
Keyword(s):  
Egg Laying ◽  
Laying Date ◽  
Uria Aalge ◽  
Uria Lomvia ◽  
Ecological Relationships ◽  
Ice Breakup ◽  
Common Murre ◽  
Common Murres ◽  
Adult Body Weight ◽  
One Year

Several aspects of the breeding biology of Common Murres (Uria aalge) and Thick-billed Murres (Uria lomvia) in 1981–1983, at the Gannet Islands, Labrador, are described. At this colony there were ca. 60 000 pairs of Common Murres, and 1400 pairs of Thick-billed Murres. Common Murres were slightly heavier and had significantly shorter wings, and longer, narrower bills than Thick-billed Murres. The timing of egg laying varied between years (late breeding in one year was associated with late ice breakup), but the median laying date of Common Murres was consistently earlier (by up to 10 days) than that of Thick-billed Murres. For both species median laying dates fell between mid and late June each year. Common Murre eggs were larger and relatively longer than Thick-billed Murre eggs, but in both species fresh egg weight was about 11% of adult body weight. Incubation periods were similar in each species (33 days), but chick-rearing periods were longer in Common Murres (24 days) than in Thick-billed Murres (21 days) in all years. Seasonal patterns of colony attendance were broadly similar in the two species each year, except that Common Murres showed a consistent increase in numbers between laying and chick departure, and tended to remain at the colony for less time after chicks had departed compared with Thick-billed Murres. All birds of both species left the colony by mid-September each year.

Temperature and egg-laying experience influence breeding performance of captive female houbara bustards

2002 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yolanda Van Heezik ◽  
Michel Saint Jalme ◽  
Stéphane Hémon ◽  
Philip Seddon
Keyword(s):  
Egg Laying ◽  
Breeding Performance

scholarly journals THE INTRACELLULAR DISTRIBUTION OF CALCIUM IN THE MUCOSA OF THE AVIAN SHELL GLAND

1966 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne Hohman ◽  
Harald Schraer
Keyword(s):  
Microsomal Fraction ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Mitochondrial Fraction ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Intracellular Distribution ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Shell Gland ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Repeated Doses

The intracellular distribution of calcium has been studied in the mucosa of the avian shell gland, a tissue which transports large quantities of calcium during discrete time intervals. Ca45 was administered to hens either in a single dose followed by sacrifice 5 min later or in repeated doses over an extended period followed by sacrifice 2 hr or 24 hr after the last injection. Subcellular fractions were isolated by differential centrifugation and analyzed for Ca45. The Ca45 was located principally in the particulate fractions; the concentration (CPM Ca45/mg N) was highest in the mitochondrial fraction. Comparisons of (1) the Ca45 distribution in shell gland cells with that of liver cells, (2) the alterations which occur due to the phase of the egg laying cycle, (3) the effects due to the time elapsed since the last injection of Ca45, and (4) the Ca45 distribution of the short term experiments with that of the long term experiments revealed that the mitochondrial fraction of the shell gland appeared to be active in the movement of calcium. The microsomal fraction showed increased values in CPM Ca45/mg N when calcification was occurring, which may indicate that the subcellular components of this fraction have a role in calcium transport. The nuclear and supernatant fractions did not seem to be involved in the transport process. The implications of these results concerning the manner by which calcium may be controlled on a cellular level in this system are discussed.

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