ABSENCE OF MOTOR AREAS IN THE BRAIN OF AN EPILEPTIC

Brain ◽  
1888 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-227
Author(s):  
J. MUNRO SMITH
Keyword(s):  
The Brain ◽  
Motor Areas

scholarly journals Veto and Vacillation: A Neural Precursor of the Decision to Withhold Action

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 296-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erman Misirlisoy ◽  
Patrick Haggard
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
Temporal Pattern ◽  
Neural Precursor ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Action Sequences ◽  
Readiness Potentials ◽  
Preparatory Activity ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Motor Areas

The capacity to inhibit a planned action gives human behavior its characteristic flexibility. How this mechanism operates and what factors influence a decision to act or not act remain relatively unexplored. We used EEG readiness potentials (RPs) to examine preparatory activity before each action of an ongoing sequence, in which one action was occasionally omitted. We compared RPs between sequences in which omissions were instructed by a rule (e.g., “omit every fourth action”) and sequences in which the participant themselves freely decided which action to omit. RP amplitude was reduced for actions that immediately preceded a voluntary omission but not a rule-based omission. We also used the regular temporal pattern of the action sequences to explore brain processes linked to omitting an action by time-locking EEG averages to the inferred time when an action would have occurred had it not been omitted. When omissions were instructed by a rule, there was a negative-going trend in the EEG, recalling the rising ramp of an RP. No such component was found for voluntary omissions. The results are consistent with a model in which spontaneously fluctuating activity in motor areas of the brain could bias “free” decisions to act or not.

Plasticity of Primary Motor Areas of the Brain after Stroke — A Motor Cortex Stimulation Study

1996 ◽  
pp. 33-40
Author(s):  
G. Rapisarda ◽  
E. Bastings ◽  
A. Lozza ◽  
A. Maertens de Noordhout ◽  
P. J. Delwaide
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Motor Cortex Stimulation ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Motor Areas

Intraoperative identification of motor areas of the rhomboid fossa using direct stimulation

1993 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Strauss ◽  
Johann Romstöck ◽  
Christopher Nimsky ◽  
Rudolf Fahlbusch
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stem ◽  
Fourth Ventricle ◽  
Complete Removal ◽  
Direct Stimulation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Rhomboid Fossa ◽  
Stem Lesions ◽  
Mass Lesions ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Motor Areas

✓ Intraoperative electrical identification of motor areas within the floor of the fourth ventricle was successfully carried out in a series of 10 patients with intrinsic pontine lesions and lesions infiltrating the brain stem. Direct electrical stimulation was used to identify the facial colliculus and the hypoglossal triangle before the brain stem was entered. Multichannel electromyographic recordings documented selective stimulation effects. The surgical approach to the brain stem was varied according to the electrical localization of these structures. During removal of the lesion, functional integrity was monitored by intermittent stimulation. In lesions infiltrating the floor of the fourth ventricle, stimulation facilitated complete removal. Permanent postoperative morbidity of facial or hypoglossal nerve dysfunction was not observed. Mapping of the floor of the fourth ventricle identifies important surface structures and offers a safe corridor through intact nervous structures during surgery of brain-stem lesions. Reliable identification is particularly important in mass lesions with displacement of normal topographical anatomy.

scholarly journals The Roles of the Cortical Motor Areas in Sequential Movements

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Machiko Ohbayashi
Keyword(s):  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Unique Contribution ◽  
Distributed Network ◽  
Sequential Movements ◽  
Cortical Motor ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Practice Performance ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Motor Areas

The ability to learn and perform a sequence of movements is a key component of voluntary motor behavior. During the learning of sequential movements, individuals go through distinct stages of performance improvement. For instance, sequential movements are initially learned relatively fast and later learned more slowly. Over multiple sessions of repetitive practice, performance of the sequential movements can be further improved to the expert level and maintained as a motor skill. How the brain binds elementary movements together into a meaningful action has been a topic of much interest. Studies in human and non-human primates have shown that a brain-wide distributed network is active during the learning and performance of skilled sequential movements. The current challenge is to identify a unique contribution of each area to the complex process of learning and maintenance of skilled sequential movements. Here, I bring together the recent progress in the field to discuss the distinct roles of cortical motor areas in this process.

The Use of Structured Observation as a Stroke Rehabilitation Aid: An Opinion from Neuroscience

2007 ◽  
Vol 70 (10) ◽  
pp. 454-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Holmes ◽  
Louise Ewan
Keyword(s):  
Motor Function ◽  
Stroke Rehabilitation ◽  
Occupational Therapist ◽  
Novel Therapy ◽  
Opinion Piece ◽  
Physically Based ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Motor Areas ◽  
Structured Observation

This opinion piece proposes that individuals who have experienced stroke may benefit from observing meaningful movements. Structured observation interventions, through video, activate the brain in functional motor areas that are similar to those seen for the physical execution of the observed skills. Furthermore, the occupational therapist may be ideally placed to deliver this novel therapy. The simulation of self-movements and others' movements that are meaningful for the individual may provide a valid approach for therapists to retain central motor function, promote motor plasticity and benefit more physically-based interventions.

scholarly journals Representations of evidence for a perceptual decision in the human brain

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Bitzer ◽  
Hame Park ◽  
Burkhard Maess ◽  
Katharina von Kriegstein ◽  
Stefan Kiebel
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Posterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Perceptual Decision Making ◽  
Perceptual Decision ◽  
Posterior Cingulate ◽  
Brain Signals ◽  
Brain Extracts ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Motor Areas

In perceptual decision making the brain extracts and accumulates decision evidence from a stimulus over time and eventually makes a decision based on the accumulated evidence. Several characteristics of this process have been observed in human electrophysiological experiments, especially an average build-up of motor-related signals supposedly reflecting accumulated evidence, when averaged across trials. Another recently established approach to investigate the representation of decision evidence in brain signals is to correlate the within-trial fluctuations of decision evidence with the measured signals. We here report results for a two-alternative forced choice reaction time experiment in which we applied this approach to human magnetoencephalographic (MEG) recordings. These results consolidate a range of previous findings. In addition, they show: 1) that decision evidence is most strongly represented in the MEG signals in three consecutive phases, 2) that motor areas contribute longer to these representations than parietal areas and 3) that posterior cingulate cortex is involved most consistently, among all brain areas, in all three of the identified phases. As most previous work on perceptual decision making in the brain has focused on parietal and motor areas, our findings therefore suggest that the role of the posterior cingulate cortex in perceptual decision making may be currently underestimated.

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of anatomical orientes and direct electrical stimulation of the brain cortex in the identification of motor areas of the brain

2013 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 83-88
Author(s):  
Ivan Bogdanovic ◽  
Nikola Repac ◽  
Igor Nikolic ◽  
Igor Djoric ◽  
Aleksandar Janicijevic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Cortex ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Radical Surgery ◽  
Average Distance ◽  
Neurological Deficits ◽  
Motor Deficits ◽  
Clinical Center ◽  
Slow Growing ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Motor Areas

Introduction: Surgery of tumors localized in the motor cortex is challenging because of the accompanying risk of de novo occurrence of motor deficits. Materials and methods: We report a series of 34 patients with slow-growing brain tumors localized in and around the motor areas of the brain, which were treated at the Institute of Neurosurgery, Clinical Center in Belgrade in the period 2008-2012. Result. The average distance of the central sulcus in relation to the coronary suture verified ES is 18.38 mm ? 9,564 mm, the strength of the current required to obtain motor responses was 9.26?1.286 mA. If the distance from the coronary suture is higher, the current intensity required to cause the motor response is lower (p<0,01). The smaller amount of current is needed to identify the motor areas of tumors where the degree of surgical resection was subtotal to the level of reduction compared to radical surgery (p<0,05). Conclusion. Direct electrostimulation of the cortex is a reliable method for identification of motor areas of the brain, and it is necessary for additional prevention - iatrogenic neurological deficits.

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