Factors Related to Water Filter Use for Drinking Tap Water at Home and Its Association with Consuming Plain Water and Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Among US Adults

Abstract Objectives Drinking plain water, especially as a substitute for sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB), may improve diet and prevent chronic disease. There is limited information on how water filter use impacts intake of beverages. We explored factors associated with water filter use for drinking tap water at home and examined its association with consuming plain water and SSB. Methods We used the 2018 SummerStyles data for 4042 US adults (≥18 y). For a first model, outcome was water filter use (yes vs. no or do not drink tap water at home). For a second model, outcomes were intake of plain water (tap and bottled water) and SSB (regular soda, fruit drinks, sports/energy drinks, sweetened coffee/tea drinks), and exposure was water filter use. Covariates included sociodemographics, weight status, Census regions, and ownership status of living quarters. Four multivariable logistic regressions were used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (AOR) for consuming tap water, bottled water, or total plain water >3 cups/d (vs. ≤3 cups) and SSB ≥ 1 time/d (vs. <1 time) by water filter use. Results Overall, 36% of adults reported using a filter for drinking tap water at home and 14% did not drink tap water at home. Factors significantly associated with lower odds of using a water filter were being non-Hispanic (NH) black (AOR = 0.72, vs. NH white), lower education (AOR = 0.61 for ≤ high school; AOR = 0.69 for some college, vs. college graduate), not married (AOR = 0.78 vs. married/domestic partnership) and lower household income (AOR = 0.70 for <$35,000 vs. ≥$100,000). After adjusting for covariates, using a water filter was significantly associated with higher odds for drinking >3 cups/d of tap water (AOR = 1.33) and lower odds for consuming SSB ≥ 1 time/d (AOR = 0.76). Not drinking tap water at home was significantly associated with lower odds for drinking >3 cups/d of tap water (AOR = 0.39) and higher odds of drinking >3 cups/d bottled water (AOR = 3.46). Conclusions Using a filter for drinking home tap water was associated with higher tap water intake and lower SSB intake among US adults. Yet, water filter use was lower among Black adults and those with lower income and education compared to other groups. While filters can improve tap water quality and healthful beverage habits, some may reduce fluoride content and their cost and proper use should be considered. Funding Sources Solely for author's time from their institutions.

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Who is Replacing Sugar-Sweetened Beverages with Plain Water? Analyses of NHANES 2011–16 Data

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzaa046_057 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 557-557

Author(s):

Colin Rehm ◽

Matthieu Maillot ◽

Florent Vieux ◽

Pamela Barrios ◽

Adam Drewnowski

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Family Income ◽

Tap Water ◽

The United States ◽

Bottled Water ◽

Plain Water ◽

Lower Income ◽

Sugar Sweetened Beverages ◽

Sweetened Beverages ◽

Hispanic White

Abstract Objectives In the United States, replacing sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) with plain drinking water is recommended via by numerous public health agencies and non-governmental organizations. While declines in SSB consumption in the US are well-documented, it is not clear if consumers are replacing SSBs with other beverages, namely plain drinking water. Methods Beverage consumption data for 7453 children (4–18y) and 15,263 adults (≥19y) came from two 24 h dietary recalls in three most recent cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2011–2016). Consumption trends for water intakes (in mL/d) from SSBs and from drinking water were analyzed by gender, age group, family income, and race/ethnicity. Results Mean water intakes from SSBs declined from 322 mL/d to 262 mL/d (p-trend = 0.002) on average, whereas plain drinking water increased from 1011 mL/d to 1144 mL/d (p-trend = 0.0108). Statistically significant reductions in SSBs were observed only among men (-18%), younger participants (-26% in 4–8, -22% in 9–13, -33% in 14–19 and -30% in 20–30), those with lower incomes (family income-to-poverty ratio < 2.0), non-Hispanic whites and non-Hispanic black participants (p-trend < 0.05 for each). Within these population sub-groups, only non-Hispanic white participants, those with a family income to poverty ratio of 1–1.99, but not < 1.0, and children aged < 14y had a corresponding increase in plain water consumption. When examining types of water, non-Hispanic white participants replaced SSBs with tap water as opposed to bottled water, and the lower income group replaced SSBs with bottled water, as opposed to tap water. Conclusions The expected replacement of SSBs with plain drinking water was not uniformly observed across socio-demographic group. Only non-Hispanic Whites and lower income groups replaced SSB with water, whereas teenagers (14–19y) and non-Hispanic black participants did not. Understanding how and if specific population sub-groups are replacing a declining food/beverage category with another category has important population health implications. Funding Sources Analyses of publicly available federal NHANES databases were sponsored by PepsiCo Inc. and conducted by MS-Nutrition. The views expressed in this abstract are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the position or policy of PepsiCo, Inc.

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The relationship of perceptions of tap water safety with intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and plain water among US adults

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980012004600 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 179-185 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Stephen J Onufrak ◽

Sohyun Park ◽

Joseph R Sharkey ◽

Bettylou Sherry

Keyword(s):

Water Intake ◽

Tap Water ◽

Bottled Water ◽

Plain Water ◽

Water Safety ◽

Sugar Sweetened Beverages ◽

Sweetened Beverages ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

Racial Ethnic ◽

Water Perceptions

AbstractObjectiveResearch is limited on whether mistrust of tap water discourages plain water intake and leads to a greater intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB). The objective of the present study was to examine demographic differences in perceptions of tap water safety and determine if these perceptions are associated with intake of SSB and plain water.DesignThe study examined perceptions of tap water safety and their cross-sectional association with intake of SSB and plain water. Racial/ethnic differences in the associations of tap water perceptions with SSB and plain water intake were also examined.SettingNationally weighted data from the 2010 HealthStyles Survey (n 4184).SubjectsUS adults aged ≥18 years.ResultsOverall, 13·0 % of participants disagreed that their local tap water was safe to drink and 26·4 % of participants agreed that bottled water was safer than tap water. Both mistrust of tap water safety and favouring bottled water differed by region, age, race/ethnicity, income and education. The associations of tap water mistrust with intake of SSB and plain water were modified by race/ethnicity (P < 0·05). Non-white racial/ethnic groups who disagreed that their local tap water was safe to drink were more likely to report low intake of plain water. The odds of consuming ≥1 SSB/d among Hispanics who mistrusted their local tap water was twice that of Hispanics who did not (OR = 2·0; 95 % CI 1·2, 3·3).ConclusionsPublic health efforts to promote healthy beverages should recognize the potential impact of tap water perceptions on water and SSB intake among minority populations.

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Perceptions of Tap Water and School Water Fountains and Association With Intake of Plain Water and Sugar-Sweetened Beverages

Journal of School Health ◽

10.1111/josh.12138 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 84 (3) ◽

pp. 195-204 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Stephen J. Onufrak ◽

Sohyun Park ◽

Joseph R. Sharkey ◽

Caitlin Merlo ◽

Wesley R. Dean ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tap Water ◽

Plain Water ◽

Sugar Sweetened Beverages ◽

Sweetened Beverages

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Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Consumption and Associated Factors among Northeastern Chinese Children

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13072233 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 2233

Author(s):

Xuxiu Zhuang ◽

Yang Liu ◽

Joel Gittelsohn ◽

Emma Lewis ◽

Shenzhi Song ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Normal Weight ◽

Chinese Children ◽

Sugar Sweetened Beverages ◽

Related Factors ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Time Frequency ◽

Sweetened Beverages ◽

Convenience Stores ◽

Pocket Money ◽

At Home

(1) Background: The present study aimed to investigate the association between home-related factors, community environmental factors, and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) intake among Northeastern Chinese children. (2) Methods: Cross-sectional. Children with complete data were included in the analysis (n = 901). A questionnaire modified according to BEVQ-15 measured the intake of SSBs. Logistic regression was applied to determine the factors associated with the consumption of SSBs. IBM SPSS Statistics 23.0 was applied to perform all statistical analyses. (3) Results: The mean total amount of SSBs consumed on a weekly basis was 2214.04 ± 2188.62 mL. Children’s weekly pocket money, frequency of SSBs purchase, SSBs availability at home, the number of accessible supermarkets, and frequency of weekly visits to convenience stores were all found to be associated with a high intake of SSBs among all children. Among children of normal weight, the findings indicated that weekly pocket money, SSBs availability at home, and number of accessible supermarkets were associated with a high SSBs intake. At the same time, frequency of SSBs purchase, mother’s SSBs intake, and frequency of weekly visits to convenience stores were associated with a high SSBs intake among children with obesity. (4) Conclusions: Given the potential negative health effects of high SSBs intake, it is crucial to pay attention to home-related factors and community environment.

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Does weight status influence weight-related beliefs and the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and fast food purchases in adolescents?

Health Education Journal ◽

10.1177/0017896909349263 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 68 (4) ◽

pp. 284-295 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mary O Hearst ◽

Keryn E Pasch ◽

Jayne A Fulkerson ◽

Leslie A Lytle

Keyword(s):

Fast Food ◽

Weight Status ◽

Sugar Sweetened Beverages ◽

Food Purchases ◽

Sweetened Beverages

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Abstract P074: Substituting Homemade Fruit Juice for Sugar-Sweetened Beverages is Associated with Lower Odds of Metabolic Syndrome among Hispanic Adults

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.125.suppl_10.ap074 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 125 (suppl_10) ◽

Author(s):

Josiemer Mattei ◽

Vasanti Malik ◽

Frank B Hu ◽

Hannia Campos

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Fruit Juice ◽

Prevalence Ratio ◽

Population Based ◽

Sugar Sweetened Beverages ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Lower Odds ◽

Sweetened Beverages ◽

Ethnic Subgroups

Introduction: Consumption of sugar sweetened beverages (SSB) has been consistently associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS), while results on the role of fruit juice intake are conflicting. Hispanics consume both SSB and traditional fruit-based beverages; however, studies conducted on such ethnic group are scarce. Given the high prevalence of MetS among Hispanics, describing putative contributors to this condition is essential in proposing approaches that may successfully reduce its prevalence and avoid further complications. Hypothesis: We assessed the hypothesis that substituting fruit-based beverages traditionally consumed by Hispanics for SSB may be associated with lower odds of MetS. Methods: To determine the cross-sectional association between beverages consumed by Hispanics, and MetS and its components, data were analyzed in 1,872 Costa Rican adults who served as controls of a population-based case-control study of coronary heart disease. Multivariate adjusted means were calculated for components of MetS by servings (never, <1/week, 2–6/week, ≥1/day) of two traditional fruit-based beverages (‘fresco’ and homemade fruit juice, separately) and two SSB (instant drinks and regular sodas, separately and combined). Prevalence ratio (PR) of MetS was calculated for each beverage, and odds ratio (OR) was calculated by substituting one serving of homemade fruit juice or water for one of SSB. Results: Significant positive trends were observed for increasing servings of instant drinks and combined SSB with plasma triglyceride and waist circumference, and for regular soda with waist circumference (all P -trend<0.001). Increasing servings of homemade fruit juice were associated positively with HDL-C ( P -trend=0.033). Consuming ≥1 serving/day of instant drinks was associated with higher PR of MetS (1.42, 95%CI: 1.11, 1.83) compared to no consumption; similar results were obtained for combined SSB. Substituting one serving of homemade fruit juice for instant drink was associated with 29% (95% CI=7, 47%) lower odds of MetS, and for regular soda with 30% (1, 50%) lower odds. Substituting water for combined SSB was marginally significant (OR=0.86 (0.74, 1.00). Conclusion: In conclusion, reducing consumption of SSB and substituting them with homemade fruit juices in moderation, may be a culturally-appropriate approach to lower metabolic syndrome among Hispanics. Our study provides the groundwork for interventions on beverage intake that aim to prevent MetS and type 2 diabetes in Hispanic ethnic subgroups, and may support current public health efforts on limiting availability and intake of SSB, while substituting with a healthy beverage.

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Disparities in plain, tap and bottled water consumption among US adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007–2014

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980017004050 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 21 (8) ◽

pp. 1455-1464 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Asher Y Rosinger ◽

Kirsten A Herrick ◽

Amber Y Wutich ◽

Jonathan S Yoder ◽

Cynthia L Ogden

Keyword(s):

National Health ◽

Water Consumption ◽

Tap Water ◽

Bottled Water ◽

Plain Water ◽

Nutrition Examination Survey ◽

Linear Regression Models ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Dietary Recall ◽

Health And Nutrition

AbstractObjectiveDifferences in bottled v. tap water intake may provide insights into health disparities, like risk of dental caries and inadequate hydration. We examined differences in plain, tap and bottled water consumption among US adults by sociodemographic characteristics.DesignCross-sectional analysis. We used 24 h dietary recall data to test differences in percentage consuming the water sources and mean intake between groups using Wald tests and multiple logistic and linear regression models.SettingNational Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2007–2014.SubjectsA nationally representative sample of 20 676 adults aged ≥20 years.ResultsIn 2011–2014, 81·4 (se 0·6) % of adults drank plain water (sum of tap and bottled), 55·2 (se 1·4) % drank tap water and 33·4 (se 1·4) % drank bottled water on a given day. Adjusting for covariates, non-Hispanic (NH) Black and Hispanic adults had 0·44 (95 % CI 0·37, 0·53) and 0·55 (95 % CI 0·45, 0·66) times the odds of consuming tap water, and consumed B=−330 (se 45) ml and B=−180 (se 45) ml less tap water than NH White adults, respectively. NH Black, Hispanic and adults born outside the fifty US states or Washington, DC had 2·20 (95 % CI 1·79, 2·69), 2·37 (95 % CI 1·91, 2·94) and 1·46 (95 % CI 1·19, 1·79) times the odds of consuming bottled water than their NH White and US-born counterparts. In 2007–2010, water filtration was associated with higher odds of drinking plain and tap water.ConclusionsWhile most US adults consumed plain water, the source (i.e. tap or bottled) and amount differed by race/Hispanic origin, nativity status and education. Water filters may increase tap water consumption.

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Perceptions of drinking water safety and their associations with plain water intake among US Hispanic adults

Journal of Water and Health ◽

10.2166/wh.2019.015 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 587-596 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sohyun Park ◽

Stephen Onufrak ◽

Anisha Patel ◽

Joseph R. Sharkey ◽

Heidi M. Blanck

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Water Intake ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Tap Water ◽

Bottled Water ◽

Plain Water ◽

Water Safety ◽

Drinking Water Safety ◽

Hispanic Adults ◽

Water Perceptions

Abstract We described sociodemographic differences in perceptions of drinking water safety and examined associations between perceptions and plain water intake. We used the 2015 Estilos survey of 1,000 US Hispanic adults conducted in both Spanish and English. Outcome was water intake. Exposures were the level of agreement about water perceptions (My tap water is safe to drink; Community tap water is safe to drink; Bottled water is safer; I would buy less bottled water if my tap water was safe). Covariates were sociodemographics, region, Hispanic heritage, and acculturation. We used chi-square tests and multinomial logistic regression to examine associations of water perceptions and intake. Overall, 24% of Hispanic adults consumed water ≤1 time/day. Although 34% disagreed their home tap water was safe to drink, and 41% disagreed their community tap water was safe to drink, 65% agreed bottled water is safer than tap water, and 69% agreed they would buy less bottled water if they knew their tap water was safe. Perceptions differed by some covariates but were not significantly associated with plain water intake. In conclusion, negative perceptions of tap water were common among US Hispanic adults, which can inform efforts to increase awareness about safe public water systems.

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Eating location is associated with the nutritional quality of the diet in Norwegian adults

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980013000268 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 915-923 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Jannicke B Myhre ◽

Elin B Løken ◽

Margareta Wandel ◽

Lene F Andersen

Keyword(s):

Dietary Intake ◽

Fast Food ◽

Nutritional Quality ◽

Dietary Intakes ◽

Sugar Sweetened Beverages ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Sweetened Beverages ◽

Private Households ◽

At Home

AbstractObjectiveTo study the association between dinner eating location and the nutritional quality of the specific dinner meal and the whole-day dietary intake and to compare the diets of those consuming ≥25 % of energy out of home and at school/work (SOH; substantial out-of-home eaters) with those consuming <25 % of energy out (NSOH; non-substantial out-of-home eaters).DesignCross-sectional dietary survey using two non-consecutive 24 h recalls. Recorded eating locations were at home, other private households, work/school, restaurant/cafeteria/fast-food outlet and travel/meeting.SettingNationwide, Norway (2010–2011).SubjectsAdults aged 18–70 years (n 1746).ResultsDinners at restaurants and other private households were higher in energy than home dinners (P < 0·01). Restaurant dinners contained less fibre (g/MJ; P < 0·01) and had a higher percentage of alcohol consumers (P < 0·05), while dinners at other private households had a higher percentage of energy from sugar (P < 0·001) and a higher percentage of consumers of sugar-sweetened beverages (P < 0·05) than home dinners. Most differences between dinners consumed at different eating locations were also observed in dietary intakes for the whole day. SOH-eaters had a higher energy intake (P < 0·01), a higher percentage of energy from sugar (P < 0·01) and a lower fibre intake (P < 0·01) than NSOH-eaters. The percentages of consumers of alcohol and sugar-sweetened beverages were higher (P < 0·01) among SOH-eaters.ConclusionsDinner eating location was significantly associated with the nutritional quality of the diet, both for the specific dinner meal and for whole-day intake. Our data generally point to healthier dinners being consumed at home. SOH-eaters had a less favourable dietary intake than NSOH-eaters.

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