Metabolic Disorders Leading to Mental Deficiency

Abstract A new approach is described for the detection of abnormal metabolites in the urine of patients with known or suspected metabolic disorders. Distribution curves are presented for nonurea organic carbon and nitrogen which form a basis for judging whether grossly abnormal amounts of organic materials are present in the urine. Families with recurrent mental retardation have been identified whose mental defect may be on an unknown metabolic basis.

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Changes in Carbon and Nitrogen Mineralization in Soil Organic Matter Under High CO2 Concentrations

10.21203/rs.3.rs-579584/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jun GUO ◽

Li-Ge WANG ◽

Ai-Lian WU ◽

Jin-Song WANG ◽

Er-Wei Dong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Carbon ◽

Total Organic Carbon ◽

Nitrogen Mineralization ◽

Organic Material ◽

Organic Materials ◽

Carbon Accumulation ◽

Chicken Manure ◽

Cow Manure ◽

Carbon And Nitrogen ◽

Active Organic Carbon

Abstract To investigate the effects of different organic materials on soil organic carbon accumulation and carbon and nitrogen mineralization under different CO2 concentrations, field topsoil was used as the test soil and chicken manure, cow manure, and straw were mixed with soil samples as organic materials. The changes in organic carbon, carbon and nitrogen mineralization, and utilization of carbon sources by soil microorganisms were measured under high CO2 (800–1000 ppm) and low CO2 (400–500 ppm) concentrations. The results showed that adding organic material to soil can accelerate the mineralization of organic carbon and reduce the mineralization of nitrogen. While the addition of chicken manure and cow manure reduced the content of total organic carbon and active organic carbon in soil, straw increased the content of total organic carbon and active organic carbon in soil and reduced carbon utilization by the soil microbial community. Collectively, our findings revealed that, under high CO2 concentrations, adding organic material to soil can accelerate the mineralization of organic carbon and reduce the mineralization of nitrogen.

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Stabilization of Organic Carbon and Nitrogen in Consolidating Benthal Deposits

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1985.0191 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 17 (6-7) ◽

pp. 929-940 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

C. W. Bryant ◽

L. G. Rich

Keyword(s):

Organic Carbon ◽

Model Verification ◽

Volatile Acid ◽

Free Energies ◽

Organic Loading ◽

Carbon And Nitrogen ◽

Loading Rates ◽

Degradation Reactions ◽

The Individual ◽

Organic Deposits

The objective of this research was to develop and validate a predictive model of the benthal stabilization of organic carbon and nitrogen in deposits of waste activated sludge solids formed at the bottom of an aerated water column, under conditions of continual deposition. A benthal model was developed from a one-dimensional, generalized transport equation and a set of first-order biological reactions. For model verification, depth profiles of the major interstitial carbon and nitrogen components were measured from a set of deposits formed in the laboratory at 20°C and a controlled loading rate. The observed sequence of volatile acid utilization in each benthal deposit was that which would be predicted by the Gibbs free energies of the individual degradation reactions and would be controlled by the reduction in interstitial hydrogen partial pressure with time. Biodegradable solids were solubilized rapidly during the first three weeks of benthal retention, but subsequent solubilization occurred much more slowly. The benthal simulation effectively predicted the dynamics of consolidating, organic deposits. Simulation of organic loading rates up to 250 g BVSS/(m2 day) indicated that the stabilization capacity of benthal deposits was far above the range of organic loading rates currently used in lagoon design.

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ORGANIC CARBON AND NITROGEN CONCENTRATIONS AS INDICATORS OF SOIL QUALITY IN CATTLE FARMS IN THE BELLBIRD BIOLOGICAL CORRIDOR, COSTA RICA

10.1130/abs/2020se-345165 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Caroline C. Wolcott ◽

◽

C. Brannon Andersen ◽

Karen Allen

Keyword(s):

Costa Rica ◽

Organic Carbon ◽

Soil Quality ◽

Carbon And Nitrogen ◽

Biological Corridor ◽

Nitrogen Concentrations ◽

Cattle Farms

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Intelligence and Modern Social Trends

Journal of Mental Science ◽

10.1192/bjp.97.408.468 ◽

1951 ◽

Vol 97 (408) ◽

pp. 468-479

Author(s):

E. O. Lewis

Keyword(s):

Social Problem ◽

Statistical Data ◽

Mental Deficiency ◽

Legal Interpretation ◽

Social Trends ◽

Mental Defect

Mental deficiency and its synonym “oligophrenia” are terms interpreted very differently in various countries; this has made it almost impossible to compare the statistical data of these countries. The concept the lay person in this country has of mental defect applies with few exceptions to individuals with intelligence quotients below 60 per cent., i.e., idiots, imbecile and obvious simpletons. When a person with this conception of mental defect—and we must admit that it corresponds fairly closely to the legal interpretation of the Mental Deficiency Acts in this country—is told that mental deficiency is a major social problem, the statement is received with some measure of incredulity. There is some justification for this incredulity. The statement is ambiguous and is based upon some rather muddled thinking. If we accept this legal and administrative interpretation of mental defect only about 1 per cent. of the population can be said to be mentally defective. Probably no other 1 per cent. of the population has such a high proportion of decent, docile and law-abiding citizens. If so, what meaning can we give to the statement that mental deficiency is a major social problem ?

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