Intelligence and Modern Social Trends

1951 ◽  
Vol 97 (408) ◽  
pp. 468-479
Author(s):  
E. O. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Social Problem ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Mental Deficiency ◽  
Legal Interpretation ◽  
Social Trends ◽  
Mental Defect

Mental deficiency and its synonym “oligophrenia” are terms interpreted very differently in various countries; this has made it almost impossible to compare the statistical data of these countries. The concept the lay person in this country has of mental defect applies with few exceptions to individuals with intelligence quotients below 60 per cent., i.e., idiots, imbecile and obvious simpletons. When a person with this conception of mental defect—and we must admit that it corresponds fairly closely to the legal interpretation of the Mental Deficiency Acts in this country—is told that mental deficiency is a major social problem, the statement is received with some measure of incredulity. There is some justification for this incredulity. The statement is ambiguous and is based upon some rather muddled thinking. If we accept this legal and administrative interpretation of mental defect only about 1 per cent. of the population can be said to be mentally defective. Probably no other 1 per cent. of the population has such a high proportion of decent, docile and law-abiding citizens. If so, what meaning can we give to the statement that mental deficiency is a major social problem ?

HYPOTONIC CEREBRAL PALSY IN MENTAL DEFECTIVES

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1952 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-211
Author(s):  
HERMAN YANNET ◽  
FRANK HORTON
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Mental Deficiency ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Pathologic Process ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Convulsive Disorders ◽  
Mental Defectives ◽  
Clinical Pictures ◽  
Mental Defect

The relative importance of the hypotonic type of cerebral palsy among the mentally defective is stressed. This type of cerebral palsy manifests itself in either of three clinical pictures with some overlapping, namely, atonic, ataxic and athetoid. The etiology is variable in each of these groups and may be effective in either the prenatal, paranatal or postnatal periods. The severity of the mental defect, the high incidence of convulsive disorders, and the tendency toward microcephaly point towards the widespread nature of the pathologic process regardless of etiology. The syndrome of atonic diplegia, as herein described, is probably invariably associated with the more severe degrees of mental deficiency.

Syphilis and Congenital Mental Defect

1911 ◽  
Vol 57 (238) ◽  
pp. 499-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. A. Chislett
Keyword(s):  
Mental Deficiency ◽  
General Paralysis ◽  
Amaurotic Idiocy ◽  
Mental Defect

With the exception of cretinism, mongolism and amaurotic idiocy, and juvenile general paralysis, it may be said that the only classification of congenital mental deficiency is one based on the degree of mental defect.

Metabolic Disorders Leading to Mental Deficiency

1963 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 566-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
J L Karlsson
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Organic Materials ◽  
Mental Deficiency ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Metabolic Basis ◽  
Mental Defect

Abstract A new approach is described for the detection of abnormal metabolites in the urine of patients with known or suspected metabolic disorders. Distribution curves are presented for nonurea organic carbon and nitrogen which form a basis for judging whether grossly abnormal amounts of organic materials are present in the urine. Families with recurrent mental retardation have been identified whose mental defect may be on an unknown metabolic basis.

The School Medical Service in Relation to Mental Defect

1921 ◽  
Vol 67 (279) ◽  
pp. 475-482
Author(s):  
G. A. Auden
Keyword(s):  
Practical Importance ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Medical Officer ◽  
Mental Deficiency ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Oliver Wendell Holmes ◽  
Medical Observation ◽  
Constructive Work ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Mental Defect

When our President invited me to contribute a paper for this meeting, I understood that it was to be of the nature of a presentation of the case of the school medical officer in relation to a unification of those medical services which deal with the various aspects of mental defect. This I have attempted to do in the belief that if real constructive work is to be done, the foundations must be laid by examining the problem as it is manifested in childhood and early youth. This is comparatively easy, because not only does a very large proportion of children and young persons now come under continuous medical observation, but there is in addition the important testimony which their educational progress affords as to their mental make-up. Further, I believe that the practical solution of the question of mental deficiency from the point of view of the community at large will depend for its completeness upon early diagnosis, and upon the measures which are taken to deal with the subjects before they reach adult life. In one of his addresses, Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes urges that in these days of specialisation we must not neglect the older theories which have yielded place to new. “The débris of broken systems and exploded dogmas form a great mound, a Monte Testaccio of shards and remnants of old vessels which once held human beliefs. If you take the trouble to climb to the top of it, you will widen your horizon.” To none is this advice more needful than to those of us who are brought into contact with mental defect and all its attendant problems. There is still so much confusion of thought, the result of changing points of view, that we do not always see clearly the end to which our efforts should be directed. This is of practical importance, because upon the standpoint from which we view the problem will depend, not only the range of our activities, but also the particular members of the community whom we hope to include therein.

The Interrelations of Mental Defect and Mental Disorder

1939 ◽  
Vol 85 (359) ◽  
pp. 1183-1193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Hayman
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Mental Deficiency ◽  
Considerable Degree ◽  
Normal Status ◽  
Mental Defect

The development of the concepts underlying the terms mental deficiency and psychosis with mental deficiency, may be arbitrarily divided into four periods, which to a considerable degree, overlap. The first period is concerned with the separation of the two principal groups, mental deficiency and mental disorder. Even before the time of Hippocrates some differentiation had been made between the idiot, who was feeble-minded from birth and the dement, who had deteriorated from a previously normal status. Pinel (1), however, as late as 1806 used the term idiocy loosely, and included many cases of terminal dementia and other deteriorated states. The end of the first period is marked by the definitive separation by Esquirol (2), in 1828, of mental defect and mental disorder, but it was not till 1886, in England, that a legal differentiation was made been insanity and feeble-mindedness.

Measurement in Mental Deficiency

1970 ◽  
Vol 116 (533) ◽  
pp. 369-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. S. Penrose
Keyword(s):  
Mental Deficiency ◽  
Criteria For Diagnosis ◽  
Made In ◽  
Mental Defect

The study of mental deficiency can be said to be based upon measurement. It is biometrical in a way that the rest of psychiatry is not, because the ultimate criteria for diagnosis of mental defect (or subnormality) are quantitative. Some kind of intelligence measurement or rating is always implied, and even at the lowest level quite often a measurement is actually made. In this lecture I shall only be able to outline my subject by giving examples.

Social and structural changes in Russia: problems and prospects

2022 ◽  
pp. 33-45
Author(s):  
L. S. Kobeleva ◽  
A. B. Chernykh
Keyword(s):  
Vocational Education ◽  
Labor Migration ◽  
Population Stratification ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Social Trends ◽  
Demographic Dynamics ◽  
Education And Employment

This article is devoted to a review and general analysis of the main social trends in modern Russian society. In particular, the authors analyze statistical data on the most pressing problems of modern society, in parallel, attention is paid to assessing social trends in a number of the most painful issues, such as: vocational education and employment of the population, stratification of society, labor migration, demographic composition of society, demographic dynamics, processes, social consent and civic engagement of the population.

An Analysis of 200 Cases of Mental Defect

1920 ◽  
Vol 66 (274) ◽  
pp. 254-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Middlemiss
Keyword(s):  
Family History ◽  
Medical Officer ◽  
Mental Deficiency ◽  
Fourth Group ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Mental Defectives ◽  
Mental Defect

The cases dealt with in the present paper came under review during the course of my duties as Medical Officer to the Leeds Committee under the Mental Deficiency Act. They comprise examples of the four varieties of mental defectives defined by that Act, viz., idiots, imbeciles, feeble-minded, and moral imbeciles, and include most of the clinical types described by writers on the subject. The commonly accepted division into primary and secondary groups has been adopted; a third group, containing cases which appear to combine the characteristics of both types, and a fourth group containing “doubtful” cases, in which the data are insufficient to allocate them definitely, being also added. It has seemed useful, too, to give columns showing the number of cases corresponding to the accepted clinical types, those complicated by epilepsy, those exhibiting pronounced stigmata of degeneration, as well as those showing a definite family history of neuropathic affections, tubercle, or alcohol respectively. It is obvious that many of these cases will figure under the several heads. The following analysis then shows the proportion of cases under each of these heads of the total number of cases examined, viz., 200:

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