scholarly journals Water Levels Affect Nest Success of the Snail Kite in Florida: AIC and the Omission of Relevant Candidate Models

The Condor ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 208-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven R. Beissinger ◽  
Noel F. R. Snyder

Abstract Dreitz et al. (2001) analyzed the factors affecting nest success of the Snail Kite (Rostrhamus sociabilis) in Florida. They concluded that success was unrelated to water levels because Akaike's Information Criterion rated models with water-level terms as poor compared to other models. Their suite of candidate models, however, did not include models with area-specific differences in the way that water levels affect nest success. We believe that such differences should have been included among the a priori models examined, and that their best model is neither ecologically informative nor useful for management. Using the same statistical methods, we reanalyze Dreitz et al.'s data on nesting success from the five areas with sufficient years and nests for analysis (comprising 89% of their 1542 nests) and show that, when spatial effects of water levels are included, water levels have an important influence on nest success over the entire range of water levels, not just during low water conditions. Furthermore, Dreitz et al.'s definition of nesting attempts excluded nests found during the 10–21 day pre-laying period, when many nests fail. Thus, they overestimated nest success and underestimated the amount of nesting activity under low water conditions. Low water conditions occur relatively frequently throughout much of the kite's range, and under these conditions few kites nest and even fewer fledge young. The effects of low water extend well beyond nest success, causing many kites to forgo nesting altogether, shortening the breeding season, and decreasing the opportunity for multiple brooding. Los Niveles de Agua Afectan el Éxito de Nidos de Rostrhamus sociabilis en Florida: Criterio de Información de Akaike y la Omisión de Modelos Potenciales Relevantes Resumen. Dreitz et al. (2001) analizaron los factores que afectan el éxito de anidación de Rostrhamus sociabilis en Florida. Ellos concluyeron que el éxito no está relacionado con los niveles de agua porque según el Criterio de Información de Akaike, los modelos que incluían términos relacionados con el nivel de agua eran de poco valor en comparación con otros modelos. Sin embargo, entre los modelos evaluados no incluyeron aquellos con diferencias específicas de área en la manera en que los niveles de agua afectan el éxito de los nidos. Nosotros creemos que dichas diferencias han debido ser incluidas en los modelos evaluados a priori y que su mejor modelo no es ecológicamente informativo ni útil en términos de manejo. Utilizando los mismos métodos estadísticos, reanalizamos los datos de éxito de anidación de Dreitz et al. de las cinco áreas que tenían suficientes años y nidos para analizar (comprendiendo el 89% de sus 1542 nidos). Demostramos que cuando se incluyen los efectos espaciales de los niveles de agua, éstos tienen una influencia importante en el éxito de los nidos en todo el rango de niveles de agua (no sólo en condiciones de aguas bajas). Más aún, la definición de intentos de anidación empleada por Dreitz et al. excluyó a aquellos nidos encontrados durante el período de 10 a 21 días pre-postura, cuando muchos nidos fracasan. Por lo tanto, ellos sobreestimaron el éxito de los nidos y subestimaron la cantidad de actividad de anidación en condiciones de aguas bajas. Las condiciones de aguas bajas se presentan con relativa frecuencia en gran parte del rango de distribución de R. sociabilis. Bajo esas condiciones, pocos individuos anidan y aún menos crían polluelos exitosamente. Los efectos de aguas bajas se extienden más allá del éxito de los nidos, causando que muchos individuos totalmente renuncien a anidar, acortando la época reproductiva y reduciendo las oportunidades de tener múltiples nidadas.

The Condor ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 216-221
Author(s):  
Victoria J. Dreitz ◽  
Robert E. Bennetts ◽  
Brian Toland ◽  
Wiley M. Kitchens ◽  
Michael W. Collopy

AbstractBeissinger and Snyder present a commentary on our recent paper on spatial and temporal variability in nest success of Snail Kites (Rostrhamus sociabilis) in Florida (Dreitz et al. 2001). Beissinger and Snyder reanalyze a subset of data presented in our original paper to show that water levels have a significant influence on nest success. To make their argument, the authors conduct separate analyses for 5 of the original 11 wetlands; including only those having the most data. We agree with Beissinger and Snyder that water levels can affect nest success in some areas or years, as we stated in Dreitz et al. (2001). However, the purpose of our original paper was to examine the influences of nest success over broad spatial and temporal scales. When viewed in this context, using a meta-analysis, water levels alone explain only a small amount of the observed variation in nest success. One of the advantages of using a meta-analysis is that it uses all of the available data to provide an indication of the overall magnitude of an effect, which can easily be misinterpreted when viewed in a narrower context of individual study sites. We discuss the management implications of these alternative perspectives on water levels in light of their effect on habitat quality and persistence.Éxito de Nidificación de Rostrhamus sociabilis y Nivel del Agua: Respuesta a Beissinger y SnyderResumen. Beissinger y Snyder presentan un comentario sobre nuestro reciente trabajo que considera la variación espacial y temporal en el éxito de nidificación de Rostrhamus sociabilis en Florida (Dreitz et al. 2001). Beissinger y Snyder reanalizan un subconjunto de los datos presentados en nuestro trabajo original para mostrar que el nivel del agua tiene una influencia significativa en el éxito de nidificación. Para elaborar su argumento, los autores analizan separadamente 5 de los 11 humedales originales, incluyendo solamente aquellos con mayor cantidad de datos. Estamos de acuerdo con Beissinger y Snyder en que el nivel del agua puede afectar el éxito de nidificación en algunas áreas o años, como exponemos en Dreitz et al. (2001). Sin embargo, el propósito original de nuestro trabajo fue examinar los factores que influencian el éxito reproductivo a una escala espacial y temporal amplia. Vista de este modo, usando un meta-análisis, el nivel del agua por separado explica solamente una pequeña cantidad de la variación observada en el éxito de nidificación. Una de las ventajas de usar un meta-análisis es que utiliza todos los datos disponibles para indicar la magnitud global de un efecto, el cual puede ser fácilmente malinterpretado cuando es visto en un contexto másacotado basado en sitios de estudio individuales. Discutimos las implicancias de manejo de estas perspectivas alternativas sobre el nivel del agua en relación a su efecto sobre la calidad del hábitat y la persistencia.


The Condor ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 216
Author(s):  
Victoria J. Dreitz ◽  
Robert E. Bennetts ◽  
Brian Toland ◽  
Wiley M. Kitchens ◽  
Michael W. Collopy
Keyword(s):  

The Condor ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 502-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria J. Dreitz ◽  
Robert E. Bennetts ◽  
Brian Toland ◽  
Wiley M. Kitchens ◽  
Michael W. Collopy

Abstract Nesting success of Snail Kites (Rostrhamus sociabilis) in Florida is highly variable among years and locations, and hydrology is the most frequently reported explanatory factor. We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the extent of spatial and temporal variability in nesting success, and explicitly tested for the effects of annual minimum water levels. Data were obtained from six independent studies spanning 22 years and 11 wetlands. Our results indicated there was substantial spatial and temporal variability in nest success and that annual minimum water level, either as a categorical or continuous response, was not a significant source of this variation. Our results do not imply that low water levels do not influence nest success. Rather, they indicate that the number of nests affected by low water conditions was quite low (<1%). A wetland area experiences low water once every 5 to 10 years, and seldom does such an event encompass the entire range of Snail Kites in Florida. During a low water event, kites are capable of moving to alternative locations. Thus, relatively few birds may exhibit low nest success as a result of low water events, and management aimed at preclusion of such events may be unnecessary and detrimental to maintenance of the habitat over long time scales. Variabilidad Espacial y Temporal en el Éxito de Anidación de Rostrhamus sociabilis en Florida: Un Meta-Análisis Resumen. El éxito de anidación de Rostrhamus sociabilis en Florida varía ampliamente entre años y localidades. La hidrología es el factor que se ha propuesto con mayor frecuencia para explicar dicha variabilidad. Llevamos a cabo un meta-análisis para evaluar la magnitud de la variabilidad espacial y temporal en el éxito de anidación y pusimos a prueba explícitamente el efecto de los niveles mínimos anuales de agua. Los datos fueron obtenidos de seis estudios independientes comprendiendo 22 años y 11 humedales. Nuestros resultados indicaron que hubo gran variación espacial y temporal en el éxito de anidación y que el nivel mínimo anual de agua (ya sea como una respuesta categórica o continua), no fue una fuente significativa de esta variación. Nuestros resultados no implican que niveles bajos de agua no afectan el éxito de anidación. En cambio, indican que el número de nidos afectados por condiciones de aguas bajas fue bastante bajo (<1%). Un área de humedales presenta aguas bajas una vez cada cinco o diez años y es raro que uno de estos sucesos abarque todo el rango de R. sociabilis en Florida. Durante una época de aguas bajas, las aves están en capacidad de moverse hacia otros sitios por lo que relativamente pocas podrían tener bajo éxito reproductivo como consecuencia de la escasez de agua. El manejo dirigido a suprimir estos eventos podría ser innecesario e ir en detrimento del mantenimiento del hábitat a largo plazo.


Author(s):  
E. M. Ratnikov ◽  
D. O. Milko

Annotation Purpose. Development of a program and methods for conducting experimental studies of the extrusion process with the definition of parameters and modes of operation of the extruder to improve its energy performance. Methods. Methods of mathematical statistics, synthesis, analysis, description and modeling were used. Results. The application of mathematical methods, in particular mathematical planning, reduces the number of experiments several times, and allows to evaluate the role of influencing factors, obtain a mathematical model of the process and determine the optimal conditions for its parameters and modes, etc. Conclusions. The methodology for experimental studies of a screw extruder is presented with the necessary equipment and methodology for processing the obtained experimental data. A mathematical method of planning, which reduces the number of experiments several times, allows us to evaluate the role of factors affecting productivity and energy intensity is presented. Keywords: extruder, auger, nutrients, research methodology, extrusion, processing, feed.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 4113
Author(s):  
Valeria Superti ◽  
Cynthia Houmani ◽  
Ralph Hansmann ◽  
Ivo Baur ◽  
Claudia R. Binder

With increasing urbanisation, new approaches such as the Circular Economy (CE) are needed to reduce resource consumption. In Switzerland, Construction & Demolition (C&D) waste accounts for the largest portion of waste (84%). Beyond limiting the depletion of primary resources, implementing recycling strategies for C&D waste (such as using recycled aggregates to produce recycled concrete (RC)), can also decrease the amount of landfilled C&D waste. The use of RC still faces adoption barriers. In this research, we examined the factors driving the adoption of recycled products for a CE in the C&D sector by focusing on RC for structural applications. We developed a behavioural framework to understand the determinants of architects’ decisions to recommend RC. We collected and analysed survey data from 727 respondents. The analyses focused on architects’ a priori beliefs about RC, behavioural factors affecting their recommendations of RC, and project-specific contextual factors that might play a role in the recommendation of RC. Our results show that the factors that mainly facilitate the recommendation of RC by architects are: a senior position, a high level of RC knowledge and of the Minergie label, beliefs about the reduced environmental impact of RC, as well as favourable prescriptive social norms expressed by clients and other architects. We emphasise the importance of a holistic theoretical framework in approaching decision-making processes related to the adoption of innovation, and the importance of the agency of each involved actor for a transition towards a circular construction sector.


Author(s):  
Chiara Treghini ◽  
Alfonso Dell’Accio ◽  
Franco Fusi ◽  
Giovanni Romano

AbstractChronic lung infections are among the most diffused human infections, being often associated with multidrug-resistant bacteria. In this framework, the European project “Light4Lungs” aims at synthesizing and testing an inhalable light source to control lung infections by antimicrobial photoinactivation (aPDI), addressing endogenous photosensitizers only (porphyrins) in the representative case of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. In the search for the best emission characteristics for the aerosolized light source, this work defines and calculates the photo-killing action spectrum for lung aPDI in the exemplary case of cystic fibrosis. This was obtained by applying a semi-theoretical modelling with Monte Carlo simulations, according to previously published methodology related to stomach infections and applied to the infected trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli. In each of these regions, the two low and high oxygen concentration cases were considered to account for the variability of in vivo conditions, together with the presence of endogenous porphyrins and other relevant absorbers/diffusers inside the illuminated biofilm/mucous layer. Furthermore, an a priori method to obtain the “best illumination wavelengths” was defined, starting from maximizing porphyrin and light absorption at any depth. The obtained action spectrum is peaked at 394 nm and mostly follows porphyrin extinction coefficient behavior. This is confirmed by the results from the best illumination wavelengths, which reinforces the robustness of our approach. These results can offer important indications for the synthesis of the aerosolized light source and definition of its most effective emission spectrum, suggesting a flexible platform to be considered in further applications.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document