The methodology of experimental research of the feed components extrusion process in order to improve its energy performance

Author(s):  
E. M. Ratnikov ◽  
D. O. Milko

Annotation Purpose. Development of a program and methods for conducting experimental studies of the extrusion process with the definition of parameters and modes of operation of the extruder to improve its energy performance. Methods. Methods of mathematical statistics, synthesis, analysis, description and modeling were used. Results. The application of mathematical methods, in particular mathematical planning, reduces the number of experiments several times, and allows to evaluate the role of influencing factors, obtain a mathematical model of the process and determine the optimal conditions for its parameters and modes, etc. Conclusions. The methodology for experimental studies of a screw extruder is presented with the necessary equipment and methodology for processing the obtained experimental data. A mathematical method of planning, which reduces the number of experiments several times, allows us to evaluate the role of factors affecting productivity and energy intensity is presented. Keywords: extruder, auger, nutrients, research methodology, extrusion, processing, feed.

Author(s):  
S. Grigorenko ◽  
D. Milko

Purpose. Development of the program and methods of carrying out experimental studies of the process of drying avian manure to determine the structural-technological and energy parameters of drum dryer. Methods. Methods of mathematical statistics, synthesis and analysis, description and modeling were used. Results. Presents the application of mathematical methods, in particular mathematical planning, which will allow to evaluate the role of influential factors; to obtain a mathematical model of the drying process and to determine the optimal conditions for its parameters and modes of operation. Conclusions. The technique of experimental studies of the process of drying chicken manure using a drum dryer allows to create a process model with minimal cost. The necessary equipment and methods for processing the obtained experimental data are presented. The mathematical method of planning is given, the levels and intervals of variation of the current factors are determined. Keywords: dryer, drum, litter, research methodology, biofertilizer.


2013 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thelma G. Manning ◽  
Joseph Leone ◽  
Martijn Zebregs ◽  
Dinesh R. Ramlal ◽  
Chris A. van Driel

In order to eliminate residual solvents in ammunition and to reduce the emissions of volatile organic compounds to the atmosphere, the U.S. Army ARDEC has teamed with TNO in developing a new process for the production of solventless propellant for tank ammunition. To reduce the costs of solventless propellants production, shear roll mill and continuous extrusion processing was investigated. As described in this paper JA-2 a double base propellant cannot be processed without solvent by the extrusion process. An alternative JA-2 equivalent propellant was defined. The aim of this work is to demonstrate the manufacturing of this propellant by solventless continuous twin screw extrusion processing while maintaining gun performance characteristics of conventional JA-2 propellant. This is elucidated by explicitly researching the relationship between interior ballistic properties of the gun propellant and utilizing a continuous manufacturing process. Processing conditions were established, and the propellant was manufactured accordingly. The extruded propellant has the desired properties, which resulted in a comparable gun performance as the conventional JA-2 propellant.


2016 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Mario Cesana ◽  
Elio Mario Briganzoli

Gli autori considerano il ruolo del Biostatistico (BS) dei Comitati Etici (CE) per i farmaci in Italia e delineano le competenze che tale figura di professionista dovrebbe possedere unitamente alle problematiche che l’emissione del parere da parte del CE comporta dal punto di vista statistico. Oltre gli aspetti di natura generale, sono considerati gli specifici campi in cui la metodologia statistica deve applicarsi al fine di valutare la scientificità e la eticità degli studi sottoposti a parere al CE. In particolare, è considerato il riconoscimento professionale del BS del CE, il ruolo che il BS del CE ha nel considerare gli aspetti di sua precipua competenza dei protocolli sottoposti a parere sia per quanto riguarda gli studi sperimentali e, quindi, la randomizzazione, la definizione della popolazione obiettivo dell’analisi, l’individuazione degli endpoint, la rilevazione delle variabili, la formalizzazione delle ipotesi statistiche che portano al calcolo della dimensione campionaria. Inoltre, sono considerati gli aspetti relativi alla formulazione del piano dell’analisi statistica. Infine, una serie di tipologie di studi sperimentali ed osservazionali con i peculiari aspetti metodologici di natura statistica sono considerati unitamente agli avvertimenti da dare al BS del CE per portare il suo fattivo contributo alla valutazione ed alla loro discussione nel contesto del CE.The authors consider the role of the Biostatistician of the Ethics Committees (EC) for Drugs in Italy and outlines the skills that this professional figure should possess together with the problems that the issuance of a judgment by the EC acts from the point of view statistical. Besides the aspects of a general nature, the authors regarded the specific fields in which the statistical methodology must be applied in order to approve the scientific and ethical nature of the studies submitted to the EC opinion. Particularly, it is considered the professional recognition of the Biostatistician of the EC, and his/her role in the context of the EC in considering the aspects of his/her primary field of knowledge regarding the protocols submitted to the CE. The different aspects regard the experimental studies and, therefore, the randomization, the definition of the target population, the identification of the endpoints, the detection of the variables, the formalization of the statistical assumptions that lead to the calculation of sample size. Finally, the aspects relating to the development of the statistical analysis plan are taken into account. Finally, several experimental and observational studies with their specific methodological statistical aspects are considered together with the warnings to be given to the Biostatistician of the EC to bring his/her active contribution to the evaluation and the discussion in the context of the EC section.


1971 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 503-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sridharan ◽  
G. Venkatappa Rao

Shrinkage is one of the important soil phenomena in which an engineer is interested. The various factors affecting shrinkage phenomena are discussed. The investigation deals with theoretical and experimental studies of the physical mechanism involved in the process of shrinkage of a clay soil. A modified effective stress concept has been made use of for a satisfactory explanation of the phenomena. The relative importance of dielectric constant (in effecting the electrical attractive and repulsive forces) and the surface tension on the shrinkage of a clay has been brought out, using various organic solvents as pore fluids. Kaolinite has been used in the experimental investigation which includes conventional shrinkage limit tests, tests on samples consolidated to 1 ton/ft2 (1.093 kg/cm2) with different fabric as well as the same initial fabric, tests on samples consolidated to different pressures, and finally tests on samples with constant external applied pressure. The experimental results reveal that the modified effective stress concept proposed governs the shrinkage phenomena. Though surface tension is believed to be the cause of shrinkage, it has been shown that the void ratio at the shrinkage limit is governed by the contact stress at particle contact and (or) between particles, as defined by the modified effective stress concept. The role of fabric and externally applied load on shrinkage is discussed.


2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janusz W. Sikora ◽  
Bronisław Samujło ◽  
Andrzej Stasiek

Abstract The work presents the results of experimental studies of plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) extruded by a single-screw extruder with a modified feed section. The variable factors were the feed opening width, the feed pocket depth in the extruder barrel, and the rotational speed of the screw. The following parameters were studied: extrudate temperature Tw (°C), screw torque M (Nm), polymer mass flow rate G (kg/h), unit consumption of energy supplied to the extruder Ejc (J/g), and extrusion process energy efficiency κ (%). It was found that the increase in the depth of the pocket and the decrease in the width of the feed opening influence the extrusion process in a positive way.


Author(s):  
L. VOLYNETS

The need for improvement and development of logistics activities at transport enterprises is determined. The content of the concept of “logistics activity” and theoretical aspects of its development at transport enterprises are revealed. Complex logistics functions and elementary logistics operations are analyzed. The role and place of logistics activity and its influence on the functioning of transport enterprises are substantiated. The efficiency of logistics activity at transport enterprises and directions of its improvement are analyzed. Among the areas identified there are three main: the use of big data (Big Data), cloud logistics and logistics platforms of supply chains, the Internet of Things. Therefore, the availability and use of information platforms and technologies are extremely important in improving the logistics activities of transport companies. With their appearance, it becomes possible to develop various mathematical methods for simplifying logistics tasks and their practical implementation. It is proved that the use of logistics contributes to the achievement of certain competitive advantages by transport enterprises. The opinions of various authors on the definition of the concept of “logistics activities” are considered and a comprehensive definition of the concept is proposed. The system of management of logistic activity of the enterprise, the place and role of the elements of logistic activity is given and it is proved that performance of tasks of logistic activity at each stage of a material flow management raises the competitiveness of the enterprise in the market of transport services.


OCL ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Zaur A. Meretukov ◽  
Evgeny P. Koshevoy ◽  
Ivan A. Shorstkii ◽  
Charles Odilichukwu R. Okpala

The introduction of extruders, in particular how it works and its principles, must be started from the definition of the extrusion process, the description of its development and types, as well as its functions and advantages. In order to understand the process of extrusion technology, it is necessary to go into detailed descriptions and discussions together with theoretical insights of the subject. In the present article, we discuss a theoretical perspective of production of porous granules from oil crops by extrusion technology. Let’s divide this theoretical perspective into three steps. At first, we study the modeling of statics of oil crop mix compressibility together with carbon dioxide. At second, we study the heat exchange and phase transformation during the stroke of oil crop extruder filled with CO2. At third, we observe the deformation of the oil crops during the extrusion process. There is a probability that extrusion process of oil crop mix with the hard phase of carbon dioxide provides technological way that does not overheat the cellular structure. Potentially, the equation of Van der Waals is able to describe the change in volume of oil crops, which may be related with range of factors associated with volume expansion, calculated by equations as the expansion of granule material takes place at the outlet of extruder matrix. The extrusion processing of a mix of oil crops and carbon dioxide in hard phase at initial stage may likely occur as temperature declines. The resulting values show good compliance of theoretical results to experimental data on the example of coriander seeds.


Author(s):  
Vаsylenko, M. ◽  
Buslаiev, D. ◽  
Kаlinin, O. ◽  
Kononogov, Yu.

Purpose. Justification of rational parameters of hardening of the working bodies of tillage machines by the method of electro arc processing. Methods. The experimental, mathematical and statistical, monographic. Results. The technology of local hardfacing, which improves the wear resistance of the surfaces of the parts of modification with the use of electro arc processing and with additional point hardfacing with the use of variations in processing modes, various technological methods and materials for adaptation to specific operating conditions. Conclusions 1.According to the results of theoretical studies, the heat balance of the process of electrical contact processing was determined, which allows to determine the most significant factors affecting the energy performance of the process, namely, the controlled voltage U of the arc process of electrical contact processing. 2.According to the results of experimental studies, rational values of the controlled voltage U in the process of electro arc processing within 35–55 V were established, which ensures surface roughness in the range from 0.4 to 1.0 mm. Keywords: electro arc processing, hardfacing, heat balance, parts of tillage machines, regimes, roughness, wear resistance.


2019 ◽  
Vol 69 ◽  
pp. 00128
Author(s):  
Elena Volgina ◽  
Elena Ilyicheva ◽  
Elina Kalinichenko ◽  
Anna Lanina ◽  
Victoria Polyakova

The various elements of the gender system have an impact on specialized areas of the language. Legal terminology is no exception, since the law covers almost all spheres of society. The interdisciplinary nature of gender studies has led to the demand for linguistic competence to study the gender construct, which has given rise to an independent discipline – linguistic genderology. In this regard, the problem of the influence of extralinguistic factors on the formation of legal terminology is relevant. In this paper linguistic research is conducted, within the framework of which Anglo-American legal terminology and its formation under the influence of gender factors are considered. The role of extra-linguistic factors in the formation of legal terms has been determined, the extra-linguistic factors affecting the gender markedness of the form and content of legal concepts have been identified. The method of continuous viewing of English legal texts, as well as English legal dictionaries, revealed gender-marked English-American legal terms and terminological concepts. The result of the study was the definition of a gender factor as a backbone for the Anglo-American legal terminology.


2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 487-499
Author(s):  
Daniel Rubin ◽  
Chrissy Martins ◽  
Veronika Ilyuk ◽  
Diogo Hildebrand

Purpose While the popularity of online shopping has increased in recent years, surprisingly little research has examined the factors affecting consumers’ behavior in this context. Furthermore, though a widespread problem for companies, the phenomenon of online shopping cart abandonment has garnered even less attention. The purpose of this study is to examine the role of consumers’ mindsets in online shopping cart abandonment. Design/methodology/approach Three experimental studies were conducted to examine the effect of consumer mindsets (i.e. abstract vs concrete) on purchase intentions. Findings Results indicate that consumers who have an abstract (as opposed to concrete) mindset when shopping online rate the products they include in their shopping carts to be more important, and consequently are more likely to purchase them, reducing shopping cart abandonment. Practical implications The findings suggest that online retailers can reduce shopping cart abandonment by implementing strategies that allow consumers to think abstractly. Originality/value This research contributes to the literature by identifying an important underlying mechanism affecting online shopping cart abandonment.


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