scholarly journals Reinterpreting Patterns of Variation in Human Thyroid Function: An Evolutionary Perspective

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarai Keestra ◽  
Vedrana Högqvist Tabor ◽  
Alexandra Alvergne
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Biomedical Literature ◽  
Human Thyroid ◽  
Thyroid Disorder ◽  
Emerging Infections ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Interest In Research ◽  
To Receive

Abstract Two hundred million people worldwide experience some form of thyroid disorder, with women being especially at risk. However, why human thyroid function varies between populations, individuals and across the lifespan has attracted little research to date. This limits our ability to evaluate the conditions under which patterns of variation in thyroid function are best understood as ‘normal’ or ‘pathological’. In this review, we aim to spark interest in research aimed at understanding the causes of variation in thyroid phenotypes. We start by assessing the biomedical literature on thyroid imbalance to discuss the validity of existing reference intervals for diagnosis and treatment across individuals and populations. We then propose an evolutionary ecological framework for understanding the phylogenetic, genetic, ecological, developmental and physiological causes of normal variation in thyroid function. We build on this approach to suggest testable predictions for how environmental challenges interact with individual circumstances to influence the onset of thyroid disorders. We propose that dietary changes, ecological disruptions of co-evolutionary processes during pregnancy and with pathogens, emerging infections and exacerbated stress responses can contribute to explaining the onset of thyroid diseases. For patients to receive the best personalised care, research into the causes of thyroid variation at multiple levels is needed.

scholarly journals Trimester-Specific Reference Ranges for Thyroid Hormones in Iranian Pregnant Women

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ladan Mehran ◽  
Atieh Amouzegar ◽  
Hossein Delshad ◽  
Sahar Askari ◽  
Mehdi Hedayati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Reference Ranges ◽  
Thyroid Function Tests ◽  
Thyroid Disorder ◽  
Function Tests

Background. Due to many physiological changes during pregnancy, interpretation of thyroid function tests needs trimester-specific reference intervals for a specific population. There is no normative data documented for thyroid hormones on healthy pregnant women in Iran. The present survey was conducted to determine trimester-specific reference ranges for serum TSH, thyroxine (TT4), and triiodothyronine (TT3).Methods. The serum of 215 cases was analyzed for measurement of thyroid function tests by immunoassay method of which 152 iodine-sufficient pregnant women without thyroid autoantibodies and history of thyroid disorder or goiter were selected for final analysis. Reference intervals were defined as 5th and 95th percentiles.Results. Reference intervals in the first, second, and third trimesters were as follows: TSH (0.2–3.9, 0.5–4.1, and 0.6–4.1 mIU/l), TT4 (8.2–18.5, 10.1–20.6, and 9–19.4 μg/dl), and TT3 (137.8–278.3, 154.8–327.6, and 137–323.6 ng/dl), respectively. No correlation was found between TSH and TT4 or TT3. Significant correlation was found between TT4 and TT3 in all trimesters (r=0.35,P<0.001).Conclusion. The reference intervals of thyroid function tests in pregnant women differ among trimesters. Applying trimester-specific reference ranges of thyroid hormones is warranted in order to avoid misclassification of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy.

scholarly journals Interleukin-6 (IL-6) inhibits thyroid function in the presence of soluble IL-6 receptor in cultured human thyroid follicles.

Endocrinology ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 137 (11) ◽  
pp. 4857-4863 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Yamazaki ◽  
E Yamada ◽  
Y Kanaji ◽  
K Shizume ◽  
D S Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Interleukin 6 ◽  
Human Thyroid

Anxiety prevalence in coexisting alzheimer’s and thyroid pathology

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 158-158
Author(s):  
I. Ioancio ◽  
R. Trascu ◽  
I. Turcu ◽  
L. Spiru
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Alzheimer Disease ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Thyroid Disease ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Cognitive Disorders ◽  
Thyroid Disorder ◽  
Thyroid Pathology ◽  
Normal Thyroid Function

BackgroundAlzheimer disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders (prevalence boosts from 0.2% in patients aged 55-65 up to 27% in patients aged 85+ years. Clinical manifestations of psychiatric disorders accompanying hypo- and hyper-thyroid function can mimic cognitive impairment.ObjectivesOur study aimed at studying the relationship between thyroid pathology, anxiety disorder and Alzheimer disease (AD).MethodsOur longitudinal, prospective research followed 49 patients with thyroid disorders (aged 50-85 years, 93.5 females); 63.3% (n = 31) had coexisting dementia and thyroid disease while 36.7% (n = 18) were dementia-cleared (10 had mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and 8 - anxiety and/or depression); we cross/analyzed control (n = 18) and target (n = 31) groups.ResultsIn the target group, 64.5% (n = 20) had hypothyroidism, 22.6% (n = 7) had euthyroid function and 12.9% (n = 4) had hyperthyroidism. The prevalence of anxiety and depression was higher in the hypothyroidism + dementia group (55.5%, n = 11) than in the hypothyroidism-only group (44.4%, n = 8). Most controls (77.8%, n = 14) had hypothyroidism while 22% (n = 4) had normal thyroid function.ConclusionsAnxiety disorder had a greater prevalence both in the group with dementia + thyroid disease and in the MCI group. Hypothyroidism was the dominant thyroid disorder in both groups. The early diagnostic and treatment of thyroid disease is expected to improve prognosis and evolution of future cognitive disorders (MCI & AD).

STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF THYROTROPIN ON HUMAN THYROID FUNCTION*

1959 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
JERZY EINHORN ◽  
LARS-GUNNAR LARSSON
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Human Thyroid

Establishment of reference intervals for thyroid function tests during pregnancy

2012 ◽  
Vol 45 (13-14) ◽  
pp. 1114
Author(s):  
K. Mourabit Amari ◽  
L. Bondaz ◽  
J. Girouard ◽  
C. Gagnon ◽  
J. Weisnagel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Thyroid Function Tests ◽  
Function Tests

scholarly journals Reference Intervals of Thyroid Hormones and Correlation of BMI with Thyroid Function in Healthy Zhuang Ethnic Pregnant Women

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yonghong Sheng ◽  
Dongping Huang ◽  
Shun Liu ◽  
Xuefeng Guo ◽  
Jiehua Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
American Thyroid Association ◽  
Reference Ranges ◽  
Free Triiodothyronine ◽  
Cross Sectional

Ethnic differences in the level of thyroid hormones exist among individuals. The American Thyroid Association (ATA) recommends that an institution or region should establish a specific thyroid hormone reference value for each stage of pregnancy. To date, a limited number of studies have reported the level of thyroid hormones in Chinese minorities, and the exact relationship between BMI and thyroid function in pregnant women is ill. This study was performed to establish trimester-specific reference ranges of thyroid hormones in Zhuang ethnic pregnant women and explore the role of body mass index (BMI) on thyroid function. A total of 3324 Zhuang ethnic health pregnant women were recruited in this Zhuang population-based retrospective cross-sectional study. The values of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), and free triiodothyronine (FT3) were determined by automatic chemiluminescence immunoassay analyzer. Multivariate linear regression and binary logistic regression were constructed to evaluate the influence of BMI on the thyroid function. The established reference intervals for the serum thyroid hormones in three trimesters were as follows: TSH, 0.02–3.28, 0.03–3.22, and 0.08-3.71 mIU/L; FT4, 10.57–19.76, 10.05–19.23, and 8.96–17.75 pmol/L; FT3, 3.51–5.64, 3.42–5.42, and 2.93–5.03 pmol/L. These values were markedly lower than those provided by the manufacturers for nonpregnant adults which can potentially result in 6.10% to 19.73% misclassification in Zhuang pregnant women. Moreover, BMI was positively correlated with isolated hypothyroxinemia (OR=1.081, 95% CI=1.007–1.161), while the correlation between the BMI and subclinical hypothyroidism was not statistically significant (OR=0.991, 95% CI=0.917–1.072). This is the first study focusing on the reference ranges of thyroid hormones in Guangxi Zhuang ethnic pregnant women, which will improve the care of them in the diagnosis and treatment. We also found that high BMI was positively associated with the risk of isolated hypothyroxinemia.

scholarly journals Assessment of human thyroid function using radioimmunoassay and enzyme-linked-immuno-sorbent-assay

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 317-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Elfadil Mohamed Gar-Elnabi ◽  
Reham Mohd Taha ◽  
Mohammed Ahmed Ali Omer ◽  
Mohamed Farahna ◽  
Yahia M. Bushara
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Human Thyroid

Reference intervals for neonatal thyroid function tests in the first 7 days of life

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (10) ◽  
pp. 1113-1116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle S. Jayasuriya ◽  
Kay W. Choy ◽  
Lit K. Chin ◽  
James Doery ◽  
Alice Stewart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Primary Hypothyroidism ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Thyroid Function Tests ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Neonatal Hypothyroidism

Abstract Background: Prompt intervention can prevent permanent adverse neurological effects caused by neonatal hypothyroidism. Thyroid function changes rapidly in the first few days of life but well-defined age-specific reference intervals (RIs) for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4) and free tri-iodothyronine (FT3) are not available to aid interpretation. We developed hour-based RIs using data mining. Methods: All TSH, FT4 and FT3 results with date and time of collection from neonates aged <7 days during 2005–2015 were extracted from the Monash Pathology database. Neonates with more than one episode of testing or with known primary hypothyroidism, identified by treating physicians or from medical records, were excluded from the analysis. The date and time of birth were obtained from the medical records. Results: Of the 728 neonates qualifying for the study, 569 had time of birth available. All 569 had TSH, 415 had FT4 and 146 had FT3 results. For age ≤24 h, 25–48 h, 49–72 h, 73–96 h, 97–120 h, 121–144 h and 145–168 h of life, the TSH RIs (2.5th–97.5th) (mIU/L) were 4.1–40.2, 3.2–29.6, 2.6–17.3, 2.2–14.7, 1.8–14.2, 1.4–12.7 and 1.0–8.3, respectively; the FT4 RIs (mean ± 2 standard deviation [SD]) (pmol/L) were 15.3–43.6, 14.7–53.2, 16.5–45.5, 17.8–39.4, 15.3–32.1, 14.5–32.6 and 13.9–30.9, respectively; the FT3 RIs (mean±2 SD) (pmol/L) were 5.0–9.4, 4.1–9.1, 2.8–7.8, 2.9–7.8, 3.5–7.2, 3.4–8.0 and 3.8–7.9, respectively. Conclusions: TSH and FT4 were substantially high in the first 24 h after birth followed by a rapid decline over the subsequent 168 h. Use of hour-based RIs in newborns allows for more accurate identification of neonates who are at risk of hypothyroidism.

scholarly journals Abnormal Thyroid Function and Recurrent Pregnancy Loss

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-32
Author(s):  
A Shrestha ◽  
CD Chawla
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroiditis ◽  
Pregnancy Loss ◽  
Recurrent Pregnancy Loss ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Thyroid Disorder ◽  
Positive Message ◽  
Effect Of Treatment ◽  
Tsh Levels

Aims: The aim of our study was to observe the benefit of screening for thyroid function amongst women with recurrent pregnancy loss and effect of treatment for thyroid disorder on pregnancy outcome. Methods: This was a longitudinal study conducted from June 2012 to December 2013. One hundred and three patients with recurrent pregnancy loss without features of thyroid disorder were included. They were investigated for thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free tri iodothyronin (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4) levels and for auto-antibodies against thyroperoxidase (anti TPO). The patients with abnormal TSH levels were treated with thyroxine depending on the level of TSH. Results: TSH, FT3, FT4 and anti TPO levels were measured. Amongst 103 ladies, thirty-eight (36.89%) had high levels of TSH. Thirty-five (33.98%) of them underwent test for anti TPO, of which two (5.71%) had autoimmune thyroiditis. Nine (8.73%) out of 103 had high FT4 levels. Ladies with diagnosis of hypothyroidism underwent treatment and 17 (44.73%) out of 38 had conceived. Conclusions: Of 103 women with recurrent pregnancy loss, abnormal thyroid function was detected in 47. Seventeen (44.73%) of them with increased TSH level conceived after treatment with thyroxine, which gives a positive message that hypothyroidism is a treatable cause for recurrent pregnancy loss. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v9i1.11184 NJOG 2014 Jan-Jun; 2(1):29-32

scholarly journals Screening of Thyroid Function in the First Half of Pregnancy

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-31
Author(s):  
Shaila Naznine Tania ◽  
Ferdousi Islam
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Thyroid Disorder ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Medical College ◽  
One Year ◽  
Serum Tsh

Objective: The study was conducted to find out any alterations in thyroid function status in first half of pregnancy (up to 20 weeks), with ultimate aim of deciding the usefulness of routine screening of thyroid function in pregnancy.Material and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Dhaka Medical College and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh, over a period of one year from July 2011 to June 2012 on pregnant women in their 1st half of pregnancy to screen for the thyroid function. Based on predefined eligibility criteria, a total of 230 pregnant women were purposively included in the study. Thyroid function status was assessed by measuring serum levels of TSH, free thyroxine (FT4), and free tri-iodothyronine (FT3). Women with thyroid disorders were excluded.Results: The mean age of the patients being 24 years. Over 90% of the women were housewife and majority (88.7%) was educated. Over one-quarter of women was overweight with mean body mass index being 22.1 ± 4.4 kg/m2. The women were predominantly multigravida with 56% in 1st trimester 44% in the 1st half of 2nd trimester of pregnancy (13-20 weeks). Based on trimester’s specific range of serum TSH in the 1st and 1st half of 2nd trimester (13-20 weeks) of pregnancy,13% of the patients were hypothyroid and 3% were hyperthyroid thus yielding a total of 37(16%) pregnant women with abnormal thyroid function status.Conclusion: The study concluded that one in every six women may have thyroid disorder in the first half of pregnancy and subclinical hypothyroidism is four times more common than the subclinical hyperthyroidism.Bangladesh J Obstet Gynaecol, 2014; Vol. 29(1) : 26-31

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