scholarly journals Knowledge and behaviors regarding salt intake according to urinary Na excretion and blood pressure

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
T Silva-Santos ◽  
P Moreira ◽  
P Padrão ◽  
S Abreu ◽  
O Pinho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Sodium Excretion ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Urinary Sodium Excretion ◽  
Processed Foods ◽  
Salt Reduction ◽  
High Salt Intake ◽  
And Behaviors

Abstract Background Understanding salt-related knowledge, attitudes and behaviors can help the design of effective health interventions. Therefore, our objective was to describe knowledge and behaviors related to salt intake according to urinary sodium excretion and blood pressure in University workers. Methods We performed our study in a subsample of the participants of the iMC Salt project (n = 60 subjects, 60.5% women, mean age 48±9.5 years). Sodium excretion were measured by one 24-h urinary collection, validated by creatinine excretion and participants were grouped according to the WHO sodium recommendations (<2.0 g/day; high, ≥2.0 g/day). Subjects were classified as hypertensive if the systolic blood pressure was ≥130 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure was ≥80mmHg. Knowledge and behaviors regarding salt intake were assessed by the WHO Stepwise Approach to Chronic Disease Risk Factor Surveillance. Results About 74.6% of the participants reported that reducing salt in their diet was very important and 93.2% think that salt is harmful to health. However, 76.3% always add salt during cooking, 42.4% said that they always or often consume processed foods high in salt, 79.7% reported that they don't look at the salt on food labels, 50.8% don't buy low salt alternatives and 30.5% don't use spices as one substitute for salt when cooking. Hypertensive subjects had a higher mean sodium excretion (3710±1508mg/day vs 2478±871mg/day, p = 0.002) and reported a significant higher frequency of consumption of processed foods high in salt (53.1% vs 29.6%, p = 0.024). No significant differences were found with the other variables. Conclusions Most university workers were aware that high salt intake can cause health problems, but they reported low adherence to behaviors to control their salt intake. Hypertensive subjects recognized that frequently consume processed foods high in salt, so reduce salt content on those products could have important impact on their daily salt consumption. Key messages This study provides evidence on knowledge and behaviors regarding salt intake to guide salt reduction policies. Hypertensive participants reported a higher frequency of eating processed foods rich in salt.

scholarly journals Assessment of Sodium Knowledge and Urinary Sodium Excretion among Regions of the United Arab Emirates: A Cross-Sectional Study

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2747
Author(s):  
Amjad H. Jarrar ◽  
Lily Stojanovska ◽  
Vasso Apostolopoulos ◽  
Leila Cheikh Ismail ◽  
Jack Feehan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Sodium Excretion ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Urinary Sodium Excretion ◽  
World Health ◽  
High Potassium ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Salt Reduction ◽  
High Salt Intake ◽  
The Impact

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular disease, cancer and diabetes, are increasing worldwide and cause 65% to 78% of deaths in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). A random sample of 477 healthy adults were recruited in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) in the period March–June 2015. Demographic, lifestyle, medical, anthropometric and sodium excretion data were collected. A questionnaire was used to measure knowledge, attitude and practice regarding salt. Mean sodium and potassium excretion were 2713.4 ± 713 mg/day and 1803 ± 618 mg/day, respectively, significantly higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations for sodium (2300 mg/day) and lower for potassium (3150 mg/day). Two-thirds (67.4%) exceeded sodium guidelines, with males 2.6 times more likely to consume excessively. The majority of the participants add salt during cooking (82.5%) and whilst eating (66%), and 75% identified processed food as high source of salt. Most (69.1%) were aware that excessive salt could cause disease. Most of the UAE population consumes excess sodium and insufficient potassium, likely increasing the risk of NCDs. Despite most participants being aware that high salt intake is associated with adverse health outcomes, this did not translate into salt reduction action. Low-sodium, high-potassium dietary interventions such as the Mediterranean diet are vital in reducing the impact of NCDs in the UAE.

Blood pressure variability in relation to 24-hour urinary sodium excretion in high salt intake polish population

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. e72
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Stolarz-Skrzypek ◽  
Adam Bednarski ◽  
Grzegorz Kiełbasa ◽  
Malgorzata Kloch-Badelek ◽  
Danuta Czarnecka
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Sodium Excretion ◽  
Blood Pressure Variability ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Urinary Sodium Excretion ◽  
Urinary Sodium ◽  
High Salt ◽  
Polish Population ◽  
High Salt Intake

scholarly journals Preventive actions for the gradual reduction of excessive salt intake and its monitoring in Italy

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
C Donfrancesco ◽  
P Bellisario ◽  
D Galeone ◽  
C Lo Noce ◽  
O Russo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Excretion ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Urinary Sodium Excretion ◽  
Baseline Survey ◽  
Relative Reduction ◽  
Salt Reduction ◽  
Preventive Actions

Abstract Issue The WHO Global Action Plan for the Prevention of NCDs recommends a 30% relative reduction in mean population intake of salt/sodium. To this end, the Italian Ministry of Health (MoH) has strengthened prevention and health promotion through the “Gaining health: making healthy choices easy” Programme and the National Preventive Plan (NPP) 2014-2019, with the collaboration of the Interdisciplinary Working group for Salt Reduction in Italy (GIRCSI). Description of the problem According to the “Gaining Health” Programme, agreements between the MoH and the associations of artisan bakers and food industry companies were signed since 2009 to reduce the salt content in bread and in other food products. The reduction of excessive salt intake is one of the main objective of the NPP 2014-2019 pursued by the Regions through initiatives as local inter-sectors agreements and information activities for the population and training for food sector operators. The Italian Institute of Health conducts national surveys to estimate habitual salt intake in the general adult population by collecting 24h urine. Baseline assessment was in 2008-2012 from random samples of persons aged 35-79 years, resident in all 20 Regions. A new survey is ongoing (2018-2019) involving persons aged 35-74 years, resident in 10 Regions. Surveys are funded by the MoH-CCM; urinary sodium excretion is effected by a central lab at Federico II University of Naples, subjected to strict quality controls. Results The baseline survey showed a mean sodium excretion of 10.6 g/24h (95% confidence interval 10.5-10.8) in 1963 men and 8.2g/24h (8.1-8.4) in 1894 women. Results of the ongoing survey are expected in the coming months. Lessons In Italy preventive actions of salt reduction supported by the MoH have been implemented. Estimation of salt intake in diet by 24h/urine is included. Results of baseline and on-going surveys will allow to estimate the possibility of meeting the WHO salt reduction target by 2025. Key messages In Italy inter-sectors preventive actions of salt reduction are implemented. Results of the baseline and on-going surveys will allow to estimate in Italy the possibility of meeting the WHO salt reduction target by 2025.

scholarly journals Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior Towards Salt Intake and Association With 24-hour Urinary Sodium Excretion in an Adult Population Cohort in Uruguay

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1062-1062
Author(s):  
Paula Moliterno ◽  
Carmen Marino Donangelo ◽  
Luciana Borgarello ◽  
Alicia Olascoaga ◽  
José Boggia
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Sodium Excretion ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Urinary Sodium Excretion ◽  
Urinary Sodium ◽  
Attitudes And Behaviors ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior

Abstract Objectives To examine the association between knowledge, attitudes and behavior towards salt use and its consumption estimated by urinary sodium excretion in a population adult cohort from Uruguay (Genotype Phenotype and Environment of Hypertension Study - GEFA-HT-UY). Methods Participants [n = 243; age 18–89y (min-max); 61.9% women], provided a single 24-hour urine sample validated according to volume and creatinine excretion. A questionnaire describing knowledge, attitudes and behaviors (KAB) was adapted from the WHO/PAHO protocol for population level sodium determination where participants answered on a range of scales. Anthropometric and blood pressure measurements were also taken. Associations between KAB categories and estimated salt intake were examined by general linear models, adjusted for sex, age tertiles and body mass index (BMI) categories. Results Considering all participants, 35.8% were hypertensive (77% on antihypertensive treatment). Systolic/diastolic blood pressure was 125.6 ± 23.4/79.7 ± 9.9 mmHg, with no difference between sexes. Estimated salt intake was 7.8 ± 3.6 g (3116 ± 1433 mg sodium), higher in men (8.9 ± 3.9 g) compared to women (7.3 ± 3.3 g) (P = 0.0013). Salt intake decreased with age tertiles (P = 0.0001), and increased with BMI categories (P = 0.0067). The majority (88.5%) of participants acknowledge that a high salt diet may cause serious health problems, 92.2% were unaware of WHO salt intake recommendation (<5 g/d) and 78.6% had intake over that limit. Only 12.4% considered they consumed “too much salt”. Although 74.7% reported that limiting salt intake was important for their health, only 56% reported taking regular actions to control its intake. No difference in salt intake was found between participants who considered they use salt “too much” (8.5 ± 0.62 g), “the right amount” (7.9 ± 0.28 g), or “too little” (7.6 ± 0.52 g) (P = 0.56). However, those who reported following a healthy diet had 1.4g lower salt intake than those who reported not doing so (P = 0.016). There was no difference in salt intake between those who reported using/not using salt when cooking (P = 0.65), and adding/not adding salt to food at table (P = 0.087). Conclusions No associations were found between knowledge, attitudes and behaviors towards salt use and intake. Perceived salt consumption underestimated salt intake. Funding Sources CSIC, ANII, Uruguay.

scholarly journals A Survey on Salt Content Labeling of the Processed Food Available in Malaysia

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 2469
Author(s):  
Hasnah Haron ◽  
Ivy Hiew ◽  
Suzana Shahar ◽  
Viola Michael ◽  
Rashidah Ambak
Keyword(s):  
Salt Intake ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Food Group ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Processed Foods ◽  
Processed Food ◽  
Breakfast Cereal ◽  
High Salt Intake

Salt content in processed foods is high, and it is usually used as preservatives, stabilizers, and color enhancers in the products. Increased consumption of processed foods in the modern world has contributed to a high salt intake and thus increased the prevalence of hypertension among Malaysian populations. Therefore, this study aimed to identify and compare salt content in processed food products available in supermarkets and determine the percentage of processed food products exceeding the reference value stated in International Product Criteria (2016). The percentage of processed food products without salt and sodium labeling was determined in this study, in which 76.5% of unlabeled processed food products were made in Malaysia, while 23.5% were imported products. The food group with the highest average salt content was gravy and sauce (3.97 g/100 g), followed by soup (2.95 g/100 g), cheese (2.14 g/100 g), meat (1.37 g/100 g), fish (1.25 g/100 g), chicken (1.20 g/100 g), vegetables (1.18 g/100 g), butter and margarine (1.13 g/100 g), breakfast cereal (0.94 g/100 g), savory snacks (0.90 g/100 g), flatbread (0.86 g/100 g), sweet snacks (0.30 g/100 g), and potato (0.29 g/100 g). In addition, 79.5% of butter and margarine products had an average salt content above the reference value stated in the International Product Criteria, followed by gravy and sauce (79.3%), vegetables (72%), soup (50%), fish (49.2%), breakfast cereal (41%), cheese (36.6%), potato (36%), savory and sweet snacks (29.1), meat (12.5%) and chicken products (2.3%). Most processed food products available in local supermarkets were high in salt content.

scholarly journals Relationship Between Salt Intake and Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Patients in Beijing

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 371-371
Author(s):  
Hong-yi Wang ◽  
Yong-jie He ◽  
Wei Li ◽  
Fan Yang ◽  
Ning-ling Sun
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Ambulatory Blood Pressure ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Blood Pressure Monitoring ◽  
Urinary Sodium Excretion ◽  
High Salt ◽  
Pressure Monitoring ◽  
Hypertensive Patients ◽  
High Salt Intake ◽  
Tertiary Hospitals

Abstract Background To survey the relationship between salt intake and blood pressure in hypertensive patients in Beijing. Methods A cross-sectional survey was used. Essential hypertensive patients were enrolled and divided into three groups (low, medium, and high salt intake) according to their 24 h urinary sodium excretion, which was used to access the salt intake. Blood pressure was measured through office measurement and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Results A total of 2,241 patients were enrolled with a mean age of 59.5 ± 13.8 years, mean blood pressure of 141.1 ± 18.5/84.6 ± 12.7 mm Hg, and urinary sodium excretion of 163.9 (95% CI 160.3–167.4) mmol [equal to salt intake 9.59 (9.38–9.79) g/d]. There were 1,544 cases from tertiary hospitals and the other 697 cases from community hospitals. Patients from community hospitals took more salt than patients from tertiary hospitals. Patients with high salt intake were younger than patients with low and medium salt intake. There were more males in high salt intake group than in the other two groups. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring showed that patients with high salt intake had higher mean blood pressure not only in daytime, but also at night. The diastolic blood pressure in patients with medium salt intake was higher than that in patients with low salt intake. Conclusions Higher salt intake was associated with higher ambulatory blood pressure in hypertensive patients. More effort should be made to lower salt intake to improve blood pressure control rate.

P1691Impact of dose and duration of dietary salt reduction on blood pressure levels: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
L Huang ◽  
K Trieu ◽  
S Yoshimura ◽  
M Woodward ◽  
N Campbell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Diastolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Sodium Excretion ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Baseline Blood Pressure ◽  
Salt Reduction ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Authoritative medical and public health agencies in most countries advise to reduce population dietary salt intake to under 5–6 g/day as a strategy for preventing high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease. However, there is still dispute about whether salt reduction should be adopted by all populations. In addition, the effect of duration of dietary salt reduction has not been sufficiently investigated. Purpose To understand the effect of dietary salt reduction on blood pressure and the impact of intervention duration. Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted. Randomized controlled trials that allocated participants to low and high salt intake, without confounding from unequal concomitant interventions, were included. We excluded studies done in individuals younger than 18 years, pregnant women, individuals with renal disease or heart failure, and studies with sodium excretion estimated from spot urine. Random effect meta-analysis was used to generate pooled estimates of the effect on 24-hour urinary sodium excretion, systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Multivariate meta-regression was used to quantify the dose response effect of dietary salt on blood pressure change and to understand the impact of the intervention duration. Results 125 studies were included with 162 data points extracted. Ninety-nine data points (61%) had interventions under 4 weeks. Overall, 24-hour urinary sodium excretion changed by −141 mmol (95% CI: −156; −126), systolic blood pressure changed by −4.4 mm Hg (95% CI: −5.2; −3.7) and diastolic blood pressure changed by −2.4 mm Hg (95% CI: −2.9; −1.9). Sodium reduction resulted in a significant decrease of systolic blood pressure in all subgroups except in participants with low baseline sodium intake (<109 mmol) (Figure 1). Each 100 mmol reduction of sodium was associated with 2.7 mm Hg (95% CI: 1.0; 4.4; p=0.002) reduction of systolic blood pressure and 1.2 mm Hg (95% CI: 0.0; 2.4; p=0.046) reduction of diastolic blood pressure after adjusting for intervention duration, age, sex, race, baseline blood pressure, baseline sodium intake and interaction between age and baseline blood pressure. For the same amount of salt reduction, a 10 mm Hg higher baseline systolic blood pressure would result in 2.5 mm Hg greater reduction of systolic blood pressure. There is not enough evidence to show the impact of intervention duration. Figure 1 Conclusions Our meta-analysis showed that sodium reduction could reduce blood pressure in all adult populations regardless of age, sex and race. The effect of salt reduction on systolic blood pressure increases with higher baseline blood pressure. Further studies, designed to investigate the impact of intervention duration, are needed to understand the significance of the duration. Acknowledgement/Funding None

Postprandial natriuresis in humans: further evidence that urodilatin, not ANP, modulates sodium excretion

1996 ◽  
Vol 270 (2) ◽  
pp. F301-F310 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Drummer ◽  
W. Franck ◽  
M. Heer ◽  
W. G. Forssmann ◽  
R. Gerzer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Sodium Excretion ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Urinary Sodium Excretion ◽  
Urinary Sodium ◽  
High Salt ◽  
Peak Rate ◽  
High Salt Intake ◽  
Low Salt ◽  
Chloride Excretion

We examined the effects of a high-salt (100 mmol NaCl) and a low-salt (5 mmol NaCl) meal on the renal excretion of sodium and chloride in 12 healthy male upright subjects. We also measured the urinary excretion of urodilatin [ANP-(95-126)], and the plasma or serum concentrations of atrial natriuretic peptide [ANP-(99-126)], aldosterone, and renin. The high-salt meal produced a postprandial natriuresis (urinary sodium excretion from 59.0 to a peak rate of 204.6 mumol/min in 3rd h after ingestion of meal) and chloride excretion. In parallel, the urinary excretion of urodilatin increased from 35.7 to a peak rate of 105 fmol/min. The effect of high-salt intake on urinary sodium, chloride, and urodilatin excretion was significant (analysis of variance, P < 0.01), and close significant correlations were observed between urodilatin and sodium excretion (mean R = 0.702) as well as between urodilatin and chloride excretion (mean R = 0.776). In contrast, plasma ANP, which was acutely elevated 15 min after high-salt intake, was already back to low-salt values 1 h later. It did not parallel the postprandial natriuretic profile, and no positive correlation between plasma ANP and sodium excretion was observed. These results provide further evidence that urodilatin, not ANP, is the member of this peptide family primarily involved in the regulation of the excretion of sodium and chloride.

scholarly journals High Urinary Sodium Excretion Is Associated with Synchronous Gastric Epithelial Neoplasms in Women

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Hyun Kim ◽  
Seon-Young Park ◽  
Jin Ook Chung ◽  
Ji Ho Seo ◽  
Hyun A Cho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Sodium Excretion ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Urinary Sodium Excretion ◽  
Urinary Sodium ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Urine Sodium ◽  
High Salt Intake ◽  
Epithelial Neoplasms ◽  
Epithelial Neoplasm

Abstract Background : Although previous studies have suggested a high salt intake as a risk factor for precancerous and cancerous lesions of stomach, the evidence is not sufficient to draw a conclusion yet. We aimed to evaluate the association between ‘estimated 24-hour urinary sodium excretion’ and prevalence of synchronous gastric epithelial neoplasm. Methods: Among 2017 patients with gastric epithelial neoplasms, who had test results for estimated 24-hour urinary sodium excretion, 1310 were enrolled. Results: There were 545 (41.6%) patients with high-grade dysplasia and early gastric cancer. The mean age was 64.5 years; 853 (65.1%) were men and 244 (18.6%) were smokers. The rate of Helicobacter pylori infection was 71.0% (797/1123). The incidence of synchronous gastric epithelial neoplasm was 10.6% (139/1310). Significant interactions were seen between estimated 24-hour urine sodium’ and sex ( P -interaction =0.003), with the association largely limited to women; ‘estimated 24-hour urine sodium’ (aOR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.51, P = 0.012) was an independent risk factor for synchronous gastric neoplasm in women. Conclusions: High ‘estimated 24-hour urinary sodium excretion’ was associated with synchronous gastric epithelial neoplasm in women.

scholarly journals A Mobile Health Salt Reduction Intervention for People With Hypertension: Results of a Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Payne Riches ◽  
Carmen Piernas ◽  
Paul Aveyard ◽  
James P Sheppard ◽  
Mike Rayner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Primary Care ◽  
Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Salt Reduction ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Secondary Outcomes

BACKGROUND A high-salt diet is a risk factor for hypertension and cardiovascular disease; therefore, reducing dietary salt intake is a key part of prevention strategies. There are few effective salt reduction interventions suitable for delivery in the primary care setting, where the majority of the management and diagnosis of hypertension occurs. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to assess the feasibility of a complex behavioral intervention to lower salt intake in people with elevated blood pressure and test the trial procedures for a randomized controlled trial to investigate the intervention’s effectiveness. METHODS This feasibility study was an unblinded, randomized controlled trial of a mobile health intervention for salt reduction versus an advice leaflet (control). The intervention was developed using the Behavior Change Wheel and comprised individualized, brief advice from a health care professional with the use of the SaltSwap app. Participants with an elevated blood pressure recorded in the clinic were recruited through primary care practices in the United Kingdom. Primary outcomes assessed the feasibility of progression to a larger trial, including follow-up attendance, fidelity of intervention delivery, and app use. Secondary outcomes were objectively assessed using changes in salt intake (measured via 24-hour urine collection), salt content of purchased foods, and blood pressure. Qualitative outcomes were assessed using the think-aloud method, and the process outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS A total of 47 participants were randomized. All progression criteria were met: follow-up attendance (45/47, 96%), intervention fidelity (25/31, 81%), and app use (27/31, 87%). There was no evidence that the intervention significantly reduced the salt content of purchased foods, salt intake, or blood pressure; however, this feasibility study was not powered to detect changes in secondary outcomes. Process and qualitative outcomes demonstrated that the trial design was feasible and the intervention was acceptable to both individuals and practitioners and positively influenced salt intake behaviors. CONCLUSIONS The intervention was acceptable and feasible to deliver within primary care; the trial procedures were practicable, and there was sufficient signal of potential efficacy to change salt intake. With some improvements to the intervention app, a larger trial to assess intervention effectiveness for reducing salt intake and blood pressure is warranted. CLINICALTRIAL International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN): 20910962; https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN20910962

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document