scholarly journals Training community health nurses to measure parent–child interaction: a mixed-methods study

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-450
Author(s):  
Penny Levickis ◽  
Cristina McKean ◽  
Elaine Walls ◽  
James Law
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Child Health ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Free Play ◽  
Parental Responsiveness ◽  
Additional Tool ◽  
Child Interaction ◽  
Parent Child Interactions ◽  
Parent Child Interaction ◽  
Parent Child

Abstract Background This study aims to determine whether the Parental Responsiveness Rating Scale (PaRRiS) completed at child age 24–30 months can be used by community child health nurses (CCHNs) to reliably measure the quality of parent–child interactions in practice. Methods A mixed-methods design was used involving CCHNs working in public health settings. Five CCHNs recruited from the North-East of England were trained to use PaRRiS. Thirty parent–child dyads attending their routine 24–30-month check were observed. Nurses rated parent–child dyads during 5 min of free-play using PaRRiS. The free-play sessions were video recorded and rated blind by the first author to the nurse observation. Semi-structured phone interviews were conducted with the five CCHNs once observations of parent–child interactions were complete. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, anonymized and thematically analyzed. Results Two-thirds of participating parents were mothers. Half the families (15/30) were from the 10% most deprived areas based on the English Index of Multiple Deprivation. The average PaRRiS score was 3.03 [standard deviation (SD) = 0.8; all ratings were <5.0]. Reliability between the first author (‘gold standard’) and CCHNs was excellent [Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC): 0.85; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.67–0.93]. CCHNs found PaRRiS aligned well with current practice and was acceptable to parents. There was no evidence of a relationship between social disadvantage and PaRRiS scores. Conclusions With further development and evaluation work, PaRRiS could potentially be incorporated into existing universal health services to provide child health nurses with an additional tool for identifying families most likely to be in need of parent–child interaction interventions.

scholarly journals The Observed Experiences of Music Therapy on Parent-Child Interaction for Families with Children with Down Syndrome

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jess O' Donoghue
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Music Therapy ◽  
Primary Caregivers ◽  
Study Materials ◽  
Child Interaction ◽  
Parent Child Interactions ◽  
Parent Child Interaction ◽  
Families With Children ◽  
Parent Child

The relationship between the quality of parent-child interactions and positive child development is well established in the literature. Nevertheless, parental and familial factors may pose risks to parents’ capacity to participate in quality interactions with their children. Families with a child with a disability in particular are more likely to experience social isolation, and higher levels of parenting stress. Early intervention programmes to promote positive parent-child interaction for these families is well recognised. However, there is a lack of literature about the effectiveness of such programmes for these families. This research study explores music therapy on parent-child interaction, specifically focusing on children with a diagnosis of Down syndrome (DS). This case study involves two in-depth cases of children diagnosed with DS and their primary caregivers. The study documents individual music therapy sessions which took place over a six week period. The case study materials were gathered through the researcher’s direct observations, fieldwork notes, and reflective journal logs. The music therapy block encouraged the primary caregivers to be more responsive during parent-child interactions. Furthermore, the children involved learned to engage and share musical activities with their mothers.

scholarly journals Media Use of Mothers, Media Use of Children, and Parent–Child Interaction Are Related to Behavioral Difficulties and Strengths of Children

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (23) ◽  
pp. 4651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanja Poulain ◽  
Juliane Ludwig ◽  
Andreas Hiemisch ◽  
Anja Hilbert ◽  
Wieland Kiess
Keyword(s):  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Conduct Problems ◽  
Screen Time ◽  
Role Model ◽  
Media Use ◽  
Child Interaction ◽  
Parent Child Interactions ◽  
Strengths And Difficulties ◽  
Parent Child Interaction ◽  
Parent Child

The present study investigated the associations of media use of children, media use of mothers, and parent-child interactions with behavioral strengths and difficulties in children. Screen time of 553 2- to 9-year-old children and their mothers were indicated by the daily durations of their TV/games console/computer/mobile phone use. The amount of parent–child interaction was indicated by the frequencies of shared activities at home. Behavioral strengths and difficulties of children were investigated using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Children whose mothers reported high screen times (>/= 5 h/day) were significantly more likely to show high screen times (>/= 2 h/day). High screen time of children was associated with more conduct problems, more symptoms of hyperactivity/inattention and less prosocial behavior. High screen time of mothers was associated with emotional problems, conduct problems, and symptoms of hyperactivity/inattention. In contrast, a higher frequency of parent–child interactions was associated with fewer conduct problems, fewer peer-relationship problems, and more prosocial behavior of children. Children might use the media behavior of their mothers as a role model for their own media use. Furthermore, the findings suggest that media use of children and mothers and parent–child interaction contribute independently to behavioral strengths and difficulties of children.

scholarly journals Does Mothers’ Self-Reported Mindful Parenting Relate to the Observed Quality of Parenting Behavior and Mother-Child Interaction?

Mindfulness ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva S. Potharst ◽  
Anna Leyland ◽  
Cristina Colonnesi ◽  
Irena K. Veringa ◽  
Eliala A. Salvadori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Sensitivity ◽  
Emotional Awareness ◽  
Parenting Behavior ◽  
Mindful Parenting ◽  
Child Interaction ◽  
Parent Child Interactions ◽  
Parent Child Interaction ◽  
Quality Of Parenting ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Parent Child

Abstract Objectives Growing academic interest in mindful parenting (MP) requires a reliable and valid measure for use in research and clinical setting. Because MP concerns the way parents relate to, and nurture, their children, it is important to evaluate the associations between self-reported MP and observed parenting and parent-child interaction measures. Methods Seventy-three mothers who experience difficulties with their young children aged 0–48 months admitted for a Mindful with your baby/toddler training (63% in a mental health care and 27% in a preventative context) were included. Mothers completed the Interpersonal Mindfulness in Parenting scale (IM-P) and video-observations of parent-child interactions were coded for maternal sensitivity, acceptance, mind-mindedness, and emotional communication (EC). Results The IM-P total score was positively associated only with mothers’ gaze to the child (EC). IM-P subscale Listening with Full Attention negatively predicted non-attuned mind-mindedness, Compassion with the Child positively predicted maternal sensitivity and positive facial expression (EC), and Emotional Awareness of Self positively predicted mothers’ gaze to the child (EC) and dyadic synchrony of positive affect (EC). Conclusions The current study provides support for the hypothesis that the IM-P total score is predictive of maternal actual attention for the child during a face-to-face interaction. When the IM-P is administered with the aim to gain understanding of different aspects of parenting behavior and the parent-child interaction, it is important not only to employ the IM-P total score but also to incorporate the individual IM-P subscales, as meaningful associations between IM-P subscales and observed parenting and parent-child interactions were found.

Socioeconomic disadvantage and parental mood/affective problems links negative parenting and executive dysfunction in children born very preterm

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Rachel E. Lean ◽  
Emily D. Gerstein ◽  
Tara A. Smyser ◽  
Christopher D. Smyser ◽  
Cynthia E. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Rating Scale ◽  
Parenting Behaviors ◽  
Parenting Behavior ◽  
Cognitive Stimulation ◽  
Area Deprivation ◽  
Negative Parenting ◽  
Very Preterm ◽  
Child Interaction ◽  
Parent Child Interaction ◽  
Parent Child

Abstract Poverty increases the risk of poorer executive function (EF) in children born full-term (FT). Stressors associated with poverty, including variability in parenting behavior, may explain links between poverty and poorer EF, but this remains unclear for children born very preterm (VPT). We examine socioeconomic and parental psychosocial adversity on parenting behavior, and whether these factors independently or jointly influence EF in children born VPT. At age five years, 154 children (VPT = 88, FT = 66) completed parent-child interaction and EF tasks. Parental sensitivity, intrusiveness, cognitive stimulation, and positive and negative regard were coded with the Parent-Child Interaction Rating Scale. Socioeconomic adversity spanned maternal demographic stressors, Income-to-Needs ratio, and Area Deprivation Index. Parents completed measures of depression, anxiety, inattention/hyperactivity, parenting stress, and social-communication interaction (SCI) problems. Parental SCI problems were associated with parenting behavior in parents of children born VPT, whereas socioeconomic adversity was significant in parents of FT children. Negative parenting behaviors, but not positive parenting behaviors, were related to child EF. This association was explained by parental depression/anxiety symptoms and socioeconomic adversity. Results persisted after adjustment for parent and child IQ. Findings may inform research on dyadic interventions that embed treatment for parental mood/affective symptoms and SCI problems to improve childhood EF.

Effect of the Attachment and Child Health Parent Training Program on Parent–Child Interaction Quality and Child Development

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-168
Author(s):  
Lubna Anis ◽  
Nicole Letourneau ◽  
Karen Benzies ◽  
Carol Ewashen ◽  
Martha J. Hart
Keyword(s):  
Child Development ◽  
Child Health ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Child Interaction ◽  
Chronic Stressors ◽  
Ages And Stages Questionnaire ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Parent Child Interaction ◽  
And Child Health ◽  
Parent Child

Background Exposure to chronic stressors (poverty, addiction, family violence) in early life can derail children’s development. Interventions focused on parental reflective function may promote parents’ abilities to regulate their feelings and behaviors toward their children and buffer the impact of chronic stressors on children’s development by nurturing high-quality parent–child interaction. Purpose To test the effectiveness of parental reflective function-focused intervention entitled Attachment and Child Health on parent–child interaction and child development. Methods We conducted two pilots with vulnerable mothers and children <36 months. Randomized controlled trial (n = 20) and quasi-experimental (n = 10) methods tested the effect of Attachment and Child Health on parent–child interaction via Parent–Child Interaction Teaching Scale (PCITS) and on child development via Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ-3) and Ages and Stages Questionnaire—Social Emotional (ASQSE). We employed analysis of covariance and t-tests to examine the outcomes. Results For randomized controlled trial, we found significant improvements in PCITS parent total, combined total, and cognitive growth fostering scores, and ASQ-3 personal-social scores post-intervention. For quasi-experimental study, we found significant improvements in PCITS combined total, sensitivity to cues, response to child’s distress, and responsiveness to caregiver scores. Conclusion Incorporating Attachment and Child Health contributed to effective programming for vulnerable families with young children.

scholarly journals Protocol for the Adaptation of a Direct Observational Measure of Parent-Child Interaction for Use With 7–8-Year-Old Children

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon K. Bennetts ◽  
Jasmine Love ◽  
Elizabeth M. Westrupp ◽  
Naomi J. Hackworth ◽  
Fiona K. Mensah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Construct Validity ◽  
Free Play ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Parent Questionnaire ◽  
Observational Measures ◽  
Developmental Skills ◽  
Child Interaction ◽  
Observational Measure ◽  
Parent Child Interaction ◽  
Parent Child

ObjectiveParenting sensitivity and mutual parent-child attunement are key features of environments that support children’s learning and development. To-date, observational measures of these constructs have focused on children aged 2–6 years and are less relevant to the more sophisticated developmental skills of children aged 7–8 years, despite parenting being equally important at these ages. We undertook a rigorous process to adapt an existing observational measure for 7–8-year-old children and their parents. This paper aimed to: (i) describe a protocol for adapting an existing framework for rating parent-child interactions, (ii) determine variations in parents’ sensitive responding and parent-child mutual attunement (‘positive mutuality’) by family demographics, and (iii) evaluate the psychometric properties of the newly developed measure (i.e., inter-rater reliability, construct validity).MethodParent-child dyads completed one home visit, including a free-play observation and parent questionnaire. Dyads were provided with three toy sets: LEGO® Classic Box, Classic Jenga®, and animal cards. The Coding of Attachment-Related Parenting (CARP) was adapted for use with 7–8-year-old children, and rating procedures were streamlined for reliable use by non-clinician/student raters, producing the SCARP:7–8 Years. Trained staff rated video-recorded observations on 11 behaviors across two domains (five for parents’ sensitive responding, six for parent-child positive mutuality).ResultsData were available for 596 dyads. Consistently strong inter-rater agreement on the 11 observed behaviors was achieved across the 10-week rating period (average: 87.6%, range: 71.7% to 96.7%). Average ICCs were 0.77 for sensitive responding and 0.84 for positive mutuality. These domains were found to be related but distinct constructs (r = 0.49, p &lt; 0.001). For both domains, average ratings were strongly associated with the main toy used during the observation (p &lt; 0.001, highest: cards, lowest: LEGO®). Adjusted multivariate linear regression models (accounting for toy choice) revealed that less sensitive responding was associated with younger parent (p = 0.04), male parent (p = 0.03), non-English speaking background (p = 0.04), and greater neighborhood disadvantage (p = 0.02). Construct validity was demonstrated using six parent-reported psychosocial and parenting measures.ConclusionThe SCARP: 7–8 Years shows promise as a reliable and valid measure of parent-child interaction in the early school years. Toy selection for direct observation should be considered carefully in research and practice settings.

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