scholarly journals Belowground biomass functions and expansion factors in high elevation Norway spruce

2011 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Konopka ◽  
J. Pajtik ◽  
V. Seben ◽  
M. Lukac
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Belowground Biomass ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Biomass Functions

scholarly journals Mating System in a Native Norway Spruce (Picea abies [L.] KARST.) Stand-Relatedness and Effective Pollen Population Size Show an Association with the Germination Percentage of Single Tree Progenies

Diversity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 266
Author(s):  
Oliver Caré ◽  
Oliver Gailing ◽  
Markus Müller ◽  
Konstantin V. Krutovsky ◽  
Ludger Leinemann
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Early Embryo ◽  
Genetic Composition ◽  
Embryo Abortion ◽  
Family Structures ◽  
Single Tree

Norway spruce differs little in neutral genetic markers among populations and provenances often reported, but in terms of putative adaptive traits and their candidate genes, some clear differences have been observed. This has previously been shown for crown morphotypes. Stands with mostly narrow crown shapes are adapted to high elevation conditions, but these stands are scattered, and the forest area is often occupied by planted stands with predominantly broad crowned morphotypes. This raises questions on whether this differentiation can remain despite gene flow, and on the level of gene flow between natural and planted stands growing in close neighbourhood. The locally adapted stands are a valuable seed source, the progeny of which is expected to have high genetic quality and germination ability. The presented case study is useful for spruce plantation by demonstrating evaluation of these expectations. Immigrant pollen and seeds from planted trees could be maladaptive and may alter the genetic composition of the progeny. This motivated us to study single tree progenies in a locally adapted stand with narrow crowned trees in a partial mast year at nuclear genomic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Spruce is a typical open-pollinated conifer tree species with very low selfing rates, which were also observed in our study (s = 0.3–2.1%) and could be explained by efficient cross-pollination and postzygotic early embryo abortion, common in conifers. The estimated high amount of immigrant pollen found in the pooled seed lot (70.2–91.5%) is likely to influence the genetic composition of the seedlings. Notably, for individual mother trees located in the centre of the stand, up to 50% of the pollen was characterised as local. Seeds from these trees are therefore considered to retain most of the adaptive variance of the stand. Germination percentage varied greatly between half-sib families (3.6–61.9%) and was negatively correlated with relatedness and positively with effective pollen population size of the respective families. As pollen mostly originated from outside the stand and no family structures in the stand itself were found, germination differences can likely be explained by diversity differences in the individual pollen cloud.

Biomass functions and expansion factors in young Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst) trees

2008 ◽  
Vol 256 (5) ◽  
pp. 1096-1103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jozef Pajtík ◽  
Bohdan Konôpka ◽  
Martin Lukac
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Biomass Functions

scholarly journals Early Performance of Tree Species in a Mountain Reforestation Experiment

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 256
Author(s):  
Robert Jandl ◽  
Georg Kindermann ◽  
Cecilie Foldal ◽  
Silvio Schüler ◽  
Christina Bouissou
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Species Selection ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
Mountain Areas ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Limited Experience ◽  
Candidate Species ◽  
Early Performance

Climate change requires forest managers to explore new concepts in reforestation. High-elevation sites are posing challenges because the range of tree species that can cope with present and future conditions is small and limited experience with candidate species is available. Methods: We selected a mountain site with nutrient-poor silicatic soils. The previous Norway spruce (Picea abies) stand performed poorly. We established a reforestation experiment with 27 tree species that were planted in different combinations in order to evaluate silvicultural options. Site preparation activities and planting techniques reflected the locally applied regular procedures. After planting, we monitored height growth and phenological characteristics of needle/leaf development in spring. The presently dominant Norway spruce was genetically characterized. Results: Tree seedlings planted at high elevation are highly vulnerable. The temporal course of needle/leaf sprouting varies widely. Early developers are vulnerable to frost, impairing tree development. Biotic stressors such as high population densities of weevils or mice can cause high mortality. Conclusion: we suggest a conservative approach to tree species selection because present site conditions in mountain areas may impair the development of many tree species that could be viable options in a considerably warmer climate.

Characteristic discolorations of coniferous foliage related to spruce decline in Europe and North America

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heiko Liedeker ◽  
Richard M. Klein
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Exposed Surface ◽  
Northeastern North America ◽  
Spruce Decline ◽  
Understory Trees

Characteristic spotting of foliage on Norway spruce in Europe, used as an indicator for Waldsterben, was also found and described on foliage of Piceaabies (L.) Karst., P. rubens Sarg., P. glauca (Moench) Voss, P. mariana (Mill.) B.S.P., Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill., Pinusstrobus L., P. banksiana Lamb., P. resinosa Ait., P. sylvestris L., and Tsugacanadensis (L.) Carr. in northeastern North America. Yellow spotting is restricted to the upper, sun-exposed surface of the needles. These chlorotic spots generally start along ridges of the needles and merge into larger necrotic areas in later stages. It was observed that the number of spots per needle and the number of needles per internode exhibiting such spots are increasing with foliage age. The symptom was prominent on overstory and understory trees in high-elevation spruce–fir forests in Germany and northeastern North America. It was also found in all low-elevation stands sampled.

Belowground biomass, production, and carbon cycling in mature Norway spruce, Maine, U.S.A.

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher S Cronan
Keyword(s):  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Carbon Cycling ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Belowground Biomass ◽  
Litter Production ◽  
Litter Decay ◽  
Needle Litter ◽  
Small Roots

Two 55-year-old stands of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) were sampled to determine belowground biomass, production and decomposition of fine and small roots, litterfall and litter decay rates, soil respiration rates, and carbon cycling patterns. Mean biomass of live fine (<1 mm) Norway spruce roots to a soil depth of 40 cm was 359 ash-free dry g·m–2, whereas biomass of live fine + small roots ([Formula: see text]3 mm) amounted to 561 g·m–2. Mean root production averaged 297 g·m–2·year–1 for roots <1 mm and 418 g·m–2·year–1 for roots [Formula: see text]3 mm. By comparison, needle litter production was 205 g·m–2·year–1. Norway spruce roots [Formula: see text]3 mm decomposed at a rate of 9.5% of total root mass per month during the growing season, compared with a needle litter annual decay rate of 22.3%·year–1. A partial carbon budget for Norway spruce indicated that annual needle litterfall mass was 98 g C·m–2·year–1, and annual carbon release from fresh litter decay was approximately 22 g·C·m–2·year–1. During the growing season, monthly CO2 flux from soil respiration was 69 g C·m–2·month–1, belowground C allocation to net production of roots [Formula: see text]3 mm was 33.5 g C·m–2·month–1, and C release from decomposition of roots [Formula: see text]3 mm was 31 g C·m–2·month–1. These values were also extrapolated to annual estimates of C fluxes.

scholarly journals Genetic Structure of Norway Spruce Ecotypes Studied by SSR Markers

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuzana Bínová ◽  
Jiří Korecký ◽  
Jakub Dvořák ◽  
Jan Bílý ◽  
Dagmar Zádrapová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Ssr Markers ◽  
Expressed Sequence Tag ◽  
Morphological Differentiation ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Morphological Variants ◽  
Common Garden Experiments ◽  
Genetically Determined

Norway spruce is a widespread and economically highly important tree species in Central Europe which occurs there in different morphotypic forms (also known as ecotypes). Previously established common garden experiments indicated that the morphological differentiation is most likely genetically determined. The genetic structure of Norway spruce morphological variants might be an indicator (marker) of specific sustainability in forest ecosystems. In this study, we investigated 436 individuals from autochthonous populations belonging to three different ecotypes. The main aim was to evaluate a level of genetic intra and interpopulation diversity among the low, medium and high-elevation ecotypes using both expressed sequence tag simple sequence repeats (EST – SSR) and genomic SSR markers. Sixteen highly polymorphic microsatellite loci folded in two newly designed multiplexes were used to depicture the genetic structure of targeted trees. Important allele frequency parameters, such as the mean expected (0.722, SE = 0.061) and observed (0.585, SE = 0.062) heterozygosity and mean effective number of alleles (Ne = 5.943, SE = 1.279), were estimated. The low genetic differentiation detected among different ecotypes (Fst = 0.008) was further discussed and clarified.

Effects of altitude on tracheid differentiation and lignification of Norway spruce

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (7) ◽  
pp. 815-821 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Gindl ◽  
M Grabner ◽  
R Wimmer
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Ultraviolet Microscopy ◽  
Tracheid Differentiation

The effect of altitude on lignification is important in developing an understanding of what drives natural variation in wood properties. Cambia of two Norway spruce trees, growing at altitudes of 580 and 1260 m a.s.l., were periodically sampled to measure tracheid dimensions and cellular lignin content. The low-elevation tree showed a higher rate of cell division with thicker cell walls and wider growth rings. The maturation phase of tracheids at high elevation was completed by the end of October while low elevation latewood tracheids were still lignifying. As revealed by ultraviolet microscopy, lignin content in single cells, as well as in complete tree-rings, was higher at high elevation. Rank correlation analysis indicated high negative correlation between lignin content of tracheid cell walls and corresponding wall thickness. It is hypothesized that trees growing at higher altitudes compensate for the thinner cell walls with an increased lignin content which helps to maintain mechanical integrity of the xylem.Key words: altitude, lignin, tracheid, wood formation, ultraviolet microscopy.

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