18. Novelty

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Bently ◽  
B. Sherman ◽  
D. Gangjee ◽  
P. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Prior Art ◽  
Right To Work ◽  
The Way

This chapter considers novelty as a prerequisite for an invention to be patentable under both the Patents Act 1977 and the European Patents Convention. More specifically, it tackles three questions to help decide whether an invention is novel: what the invention is; what information is disclosed by the prior art; and whether the invention is novel (part of the state of the art). It also looks at the so-called ‘right to work’ argument, whereby novelty helps to ensure that patents are not used to prevent people from doing what they had already done before the patent was granted, and its modification as a result of changes in the way in which novelty is determined. The chapter concludes by discussing three specific types of inventions and the problems that have arisen when evaluating their novelty: inventions relating to medical uses, non-medical uses, and so-called selection inventions.

Cloud Monitoring

2012 ◽  
pp. 97-116
Author(s):  
Peer Hasselmeyer ◽  
Gregory Katsaros ◽  
Bastian Koller ◽  
Philipp Wieder
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Cloud Environment ◽  
State Health ◽  
Cloud Monitoring ◽  
Cloud Environments ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Cloud Infrastructures ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
The Way

The management of the entire service landscape comprising a Cloud environment is a complex and challenging venture. There, one task of utmost importance, is the generation and processing of information about the state, health, and performance of the various services and IT components, something which is generally referred to as monitoring. Such information is the foundation for proper assessment and management of the whole Cloud. This chapter pursues two objectives: first, to provide an overview of monitoring in Cloud environments and, second, to propose a solution for interoperable and vendor-independent Cloud monitoring. Along the way, the authors motivate the necessity of monitoring at the different levels of Cloud infrastructures, introduce selected state-of-the-art, and extract requirements for Cloud monitoring. Based on these requirements, the following sections depict a Cloud monitoring solution and describe current developments towards interoperable, open, and extensible Cloud monitoring frameworks.

The state of the art and the way ahead

2019 ◽  
pp. 194-202
Author(s):  
Claudia Lange ◽  
Sven Leuckert
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
The Way

On the transmodality of signs and their interpretants: Evidence from Peirce’s MS 599, Reason’s Rules

Semiotica ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (228) ◽  
pp. 223-235
Author(s):  
Winfried Nöth
Keyword(s):  
Media Studies ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Close Reading ◽  
Communicative Process ◽  
External Sign ◽  
The One ◽  
The Way

AbstractThe paper begins with a survey of the state of the art in multimodal research, an international trend in applied semiotics, linguistics, and media studies, and goes on to compare its approach to verbal and nonverbal signs to Charles S. Peirce’s approach to signs and their classification. The author introduces the concept of transmodality to characterize the way in which Peirce’s classification of signs reflects the modes of multimodality research and argues that Peirce’s classification of the signs takes modes and modalities in two different respects into consideration, (1) from the perspective of the sign and (2) from the one of its interpretant. While current research in multimodality has its focus on the (external) sign in a communicative process, Peirce considers additionally the multimodality of the interpretants, i.e., the mental icons and indexical scenarios evoked in the interpreters’ minds. The paper illustrates and comments on the Peircean method of studying the multi and transmodality of signs in an analysis of Peirce’s close reading of Luke 19:30 in MS 599, Reason’s Rules, of c. 1902. As a sign, this text is “monomodal” insofar as it consists of printed words only. The study shows in which respects the interpretants of this text evince trans and multimodality.

Reconfigurable Pin-Type Tooling: A Survey of Prior Art and Reduction to Practice

2007 ◽  
Vol 129 (3) ◽  
pp. 551-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Munro ◽  
Daniel Walczyk
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Computer Control ◽  
The State ◽  
Prior Art ◽  
Tool Surface ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ideal Tool ◽  
Flexible Fabrication ◽  
Complete Story

The idea of using a bed-of-pins as a completely reconfigurable discrete tool surface (referred to as a reconfigurable pin-type tool) for forming or molding of mechanical components has been around for at least 140years. Interestingly, the state-of-the-art today differs little from early patents except for the introduction of powered actuation and computer control. To help explain why this promising manufacturing technology is not used more extensively in industry, this paper attempts to tell a complete story about reconfigurable pin-type tooling through analysis of the state-of-the-art academic and industrial research, and commercialization of the concept from the original patented concept in 1863. The authors begin by defining what a reconfigurable tool is and by describing what characteristics an ideal reconfigurable tool should have. Next, the history of reconfigurable tooling patents from 1863 to 2003 and related research from the late 1960s to the present is recounted. One major research effort that eventually led to the development of a commercial project was the U.S. government-sponsored Reconfigurable Tooling for Flexible Fabrication project. A critical analysis shows that the state-of-the-art in reconfigurable pin-type tooling meets all specifications of the defined “ideal tool” with the exception of spatial resolution and weight. Finally, the reserved response by industry to adopt reconfigurable pin-type tooling and future of reconfigurable tooling is discussed.

Systems in Prosthetic Hands and the Relationship With Their Performance

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julio C. Díaz-Montes ◽  
Jesús Manuel Dorador-González
Keyword(s):  
Upper Limb ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Prosthetic Devices ◽  
Prosthetic Hands ◽  
Upper Limb Prosthesis ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Limb Prosthesis ◽  
The Way

A review of the state of the art in prosthetic hands is presented; this review covers the most common commercial prosthesis and prototypes under development. In this analysis, prosthetic devices were divided in six systems: actuation, reduction, blocking, transmission, flexion and support. The information obtained is presented according to those systems. The most important features of each system are presented together with their relationship with the performance of the entire prosthesis. An analysis that indicates the way in which prosthesis take advantage of the capabilities of current technologies is presented. Recommendations for improving the performance of upper limb prosthesis are proposed.

scholarly journals Waste generation prediction under uncertainty in smart cities through deep neuroevolution

2019 ◽  
pp. 128-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrés Camero ◽  
Jamal Toutouh ◽  
Javier Ferrer ◽  
Enrique Alba
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Uncertain Data ◽  
Recurrent Network ◽  
The State ◽  
Waste Generation ◽  
Waste Collection ◽  
The Way

The unsustainable development of countries has created a problem due to the unstoppable waste generation. Moreover, waste collection is carried out following a pre-defined route that does not take into account the actual level of the containers collected. Therefore, optimizing the way the waste is collected presents an interesting opportunity. In this study, we tackle the problem of predicting the waste generation ratio in real-world conditions, i.e., under uncertainty. Particularly, we use a deep neuroevolutionary technique to automatically design a recurrent network that captures the filling level of all waste containers in a city at once, and we study the suitability of our proposal when faced to noisy and faulty data. We validate our proposal using a real-world case study, consisting of more than two hundred waste containers located in a city in Spain, and we compare our results to the state-of-the-art. The results show that our approach exceeds all its competitors and that its accuracy in a real-world scenario, i.e., under uncertain data, is good enough for optimizing the waste collection planning.

scholarly journals A Review of X-ray Microcalorimeters Based on Superconducting Transition Edge Sensors for Astrophysics and Particle Physics

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 3793
Author(s):  
Luciano Gottardi ◽  
Kenichiro Nagayashi
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Energy Resolution ◽  
Particle Physics ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Transition Edge Sensors ◽  
The State ◽  
Superconducting Transition ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transition Edge ◽  
The Way

The state-of-the-art technology of X-ray microcalorimeters based on superconducting transition-edge sensors (TESs), for applications in astrophysics and particle physics, is reviewed. We will show the advance in understanding the detector physics and describe the recent breakthroughs in the TES design that are opening the way towards the fabrication and the read-out of very large arrays of pixels with unprecedented energy resolution. The most challenging low temperature instruments for space- and ground-base experiments will be described.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document