ACTUAR (Y) SORPRENDER (Y) SUGERIR. LA CONVIVENCIA PRAGMÁTICA DE LOS DISCURSOS COTIDIANOS, CÓMICOS Y POÉTICOS, BASE DE UNA TEORÍA DE LA FICCIÓN

La teoría de la relevancia de Sperber y Wilson permite entender los discursos cotidianos, cómicos y poéticos desde un nuevo enfoque. Ya no es necesario pensar en un proceso comunicativo independiente para cada uno de ellos, sino que podemos explicarlos como tipos de uso de un proceso comunicativo complejo. Esta perspectiva nos obliga a reconsiderar algunos conceptos tradicionales de la teoría de la literatura, como no ficción, autoficción o canon. Tomando como base esas premisas, en el presente artículo se propone una definición de la noción de ficción. Abstract: Sperber and Wilson’s Relevance Theory allows us to understand everyday, comical and poetic discourses from a new scope. It is no longer necessary to formulate an independent communicative process for each one of them. On the contrary, they can be explained as different uses of one large and complex process. This perspective forces us to reconsider some traditional Literary Theory concepts, such as nonfiction, autofiction or canon. Taking these premises as a starting point, this article aims to propose a definition of fiction.

The Ecology of Communicative Contact in English-Speaking Discourse

The article explores the ecological essence of English-speaking discourse as optimal ratio of phatic and informational content in contacts of addressants and addresees in different spheres of communication. Unison and dissonant contacts are distinguished as ecological and non-ecological communicative contacts. The set of standards and rules of verbal and non-verbal behavior in English society organizes and regulates communicative process. The type of situation and the addressee are leading factors on three stages of contact: establishing, maintaining and breaking. The findings are supported with the examples taken from the English discourse.

The Problem of Demarcation of Information Conflicts: Philosophical-Methodological Analysis

The phenomenon of information conflict at the moment is an actual research object of many social and humanitarian disciplines. On the other hand, there is a lack of fundamental theoretical, primarily philosophical and methodological, research on this issue. This is expressed, inter alia, in the absence of philosophical and methodological grounds for isolating an information conflict from the totality of all objectively observed communications, i.e. demarcation of the phenomenon. The problem of finding criteria for an information conflict is of key importance in the formation of the methodological foundations and categorical apparatus for studying this phenomenon. In this regard, the need to develop theoretical foundations for the demarcation of information conflict is an urgent research task. The object of this work is the phenomenon of information conflict as part of the communicative process. The subject of the research is the problem of demarcation of information conflicts from all aggregate communications. The purpose of the study is to describe and substantiate the existing object-oriented methodologies that allow for the demarcation procedure. The following tasks are adequately formulated for the purpose of the study: 1) describe the problem of demarcation; 2) identify the communicative grounds of the information conflict; 3) analyze and highlight the main approaches to the problem of demarcation of information conflict. The novelty of the work lies in the systematic description and structuring of methodological approaches to the problem of demarcation of information conflicts, as well as analysis of the boundaries of methodologies and approaches. In the course of the work, it was determined and proved that, relying solely on the theory of communication, it is impossible to adequately carry out the demarcation procedure; it is necessary to use additional, non-communicative demarcation criteria, which is due to the variety of demarcation approaches in various studies. In conclusion, conclusions are formulated about the limitations of object-oriented approaches for solving the problem of demarcation of information conflicts.

Illocutionary Compulsion as a Sign of Pseudocommunication

The study is timely and actual, since at present, due to the aggravation of interethnic and interstate relations, it is necessary to study discursive mechanisms, taking into account which would more successfully develop methods and models of dialogical discourse, formulate criteria and choose adequate means of carrying out dialogical activities at different levels of communication. The purpose of the study is to identify the features of dialogical speech in ineffective communication situations. The dialogical discourse fragments extracted by applying continuous sampling method the 20th century fiction which served as the material of the study. The methods of contextual analysis, interactional and intentional analysis were used in the study. The research allows comprehend from a linguistic point of view the regulation process of speech behavior of the dialogical interaction participants, to deepen the knowledge of nature and features of speech communication. Illocutionary compulsion is considered to be creating conditions by the communicant when the communicative partner is forced to participate in the communicative process contrary to the will and desire. The factor of illocutionary compulsion means dialogic interaction infringement on the communicative level, performing communicative characteristics of the dialogical discourse and determining the unity of the content aspect of the dialogical interaction; on the interactive level, which determines the interconnectedness of speech actions in communication; and on the perceptual level, associated with the personal socio-psychological and emotional-expressive characteristics of the communicants. On the communicative level such violations mean inconsistency of communicative intentions and strategies of the partners, inadequacy of the illocutionary focus, both structural and semantic incompatibility of replicas of partners, uninformativeness, unactuality, insignificance of messages within the dialogical interaction, violation of the principles governing speech communication. On the interactive level, such violations are manifested as the lack of interaction synchronization of speech actions of the communicants, non-focus of the partners actions on correlating the goals of each of the parties and on organizing their achievement, the lack of connection between speech courses and the lack of verbal and non-verbal signals providing interaction regulation. On the perceptual level such violations are incompatibility of peculiarities of worldview and world perception of the communicants, inadequacy of perception, interpretation and assessment of communicative partners of each other, inconsistency in motivation for actions, inadequate tonality of communication, incompatibility of expression of an emotional state and psychological mood. Thereby the factor of illocutionary compulsion promotes the formation of pseudocommunicative contacts situations. The process does not lead to the jointly created result, since it is carried out exclusively as a speaking process. The phenomenon of the pseudocommunicative contact includes various types of other negative phenomena and is characterized by the lack of general communicative meaning. The communication is made as a process but not a result therefore it is considered as unsuccessful, ineffective and unpromising

Raising the Level of Students' Foreign Communicative Competence in the Field of International Relations on the Material of Ted Talk

The specific of the communicative approach is highlighted and its influence on the professional communicative competence of international relations students. The results of the research are described, and it is proved the effectiveness of communicative techniques, improving the level of foreign communicative competence of the students of international relations based on TED talk materials. It is mentioned that the formation of a professional communicative preparation was provided on the different stages of the professional communicative competence approbation of students of international relations. The TED talk video is created from TED presentation (technology, entertainment, design) conferences or important events which took place in the world. TED talks are mostly limited till 18 minutes but there are exceptions. TEDx website's explanation of selection criteria: TED looks for engaging, charismatic speakers whose talks expose new ideas that are supported by concrete evidence and are relevant to a broad, international audience. The first TED conference was in 1984; the conference has been held annually since 1990. Over the years, presenters of TED talks have included Al Gore, Bill Clinton, Bill Gates, Bono, Jane Goodall, Malcolm Gladwell, Gordon Brown, Richard Dawkins Mike Rowe, Larry Page, Sergey Brin and Vint Cerf. So, the intensive communicative approach in teaching English is of great value and has great retrospect into the future, which allows the real and natural communicative process and approaching to the foreign communicative environment on condition of realization the system of communicative preparation by means of audiovisual resources in educational process, creating the authentic atmosphere.

The art of dialogueor „How the Bessarabian playwrights of the 1990s discussed with Plato

The inner mobility of the theater, doubled by the fast pace of life under the wave of postmodernity at the end of the twentieth century, conditioned not only the re-definition of a new theatrical language, but also the re-writing of dialogic forms specific to theatrical art. Or, in the texts of Constantin Cheianu, Val Butnaru, Nicolae Negru, Mircea V. Ciobanu, Dumitru Crudu, Irina Nechit, Maria Șleahtițchi and Nicolae Leahu, dialogue does not only have the classic role of triggering and motivating the action. The (sub)layers of conflict dialogues and „deaf dialogues”, parallel and echo dialogues, seemingly „absurd” association dialogues and „thesis-antithesis” dialogues, the dialogue monologues and the monologue dialogues evoke the alternation of linguistic registers and the play of languages. Completing and continuing the openness to multiple textual styles, the language of dialogues triggers and finalizes the communicative process between written and spoken, but also between text-show-audience. The „palpation” of the types of dialogues and the „immersion” in the mise en abysses of language give us the revelation of deciphering the symbols and meanings of contemporary national and universal drama and theater.

Between semiotic linguistics and narratology: Objective grounding and similarity in essayistic translation

In memoriam Christophe HalsbergheIn this article, I will show how the description of meaning in translated texts can be enriched by combining insights from semiotic linguistics and narratology. Concretely, I will focus on the phenomenon of ‘grounding’ as it is described in Cognitive Grammar. Special attention will be paid to ‘ob-jective grounding’. I will claim that this phenomenon plays a central role in essayistic translation, as it reflects one of the core characteristics of this type of translation, i.e. the search for similarity. The analysis of objective grounding will allow us to develop this notion, describing similarity at product level but also at the communicative process level. In the final sec-tion, I will try to link the search for similarity with psychological notions such as empathy and anxiety.

Political Innovation as a Communicative Process: the receptivity of elites to innovations

The paper is dedicated to the analysis of political innovations in the context of the general theory of innovation. The author defines the main scientific approaches used in social sciences and humanities to innovations, identifies the political features of the introduction of innovations, and, based on the examination of the problems of innovations introduction from the standpoint of political science, analyzes the role of Russian elites in the development of modern Russia. The study reveals the content of the concepts of innovation in the political sphere and political innovation, which are not that much the innovations per se, but the political processes determined by these innovations, as well as the associated political decisions and applied innovative political technologies. The article reveals the role of Russian elites in the innovative development of Russia, analyzes the susceptibility of Russian elites to innovations on the basis of the Elite Quality Index, and shows their ability to implement policies for the innovative development of Russia.

Linguistic and Cultural Study of the Implicit Negation in Spanish

The article considers the category of negation in Spanish as one of the most important components of its culture. Being a language universal and a fundamental category of any culture, negation realizes a great variety of communicative functions. Their study leads to a better understanding of the communicative behavior of the foreign culture representatives. The article presents different points of view on the nature of negation, by analyzing and summarizing different approaches made by different scientists all over the world to the study of this linguistic phenomenon, thus highlighting two main aspects of investigation of negation: formal (syntactical) and conceptual (communicative). When functional capacity of the category in forming negative meanings within real communicative process is studied, the importance should be given to the cognitive and pragmatic features, irrespective of the set grammar rules of negation. In this connection, the article analyzes those forms of negation which are not expressed grammatically. The author has selected and analyzed a number of speech patterns, conveying negative meanings in the process of communication and the following groups were singled out among them: affirmative exclamation, rhetorical question, ironic response. The author stresses that in spite of being manifested at all levels of the language, the implicit negation does not have any fixed marker of expression and it’s always difficult to differentiate it in the context. However, its profound study will help to understand better the communicative behavior of the foreign-language speaking participants in the dialogical interaction. The article examines the comparative aspects of the negation study at the confluence of Russian and Spanish speaking cultures, spotting the differences in the linguistic world pictures.

Cognitive and Semiotic Model of Translation

The paper aims to give a comprehensive cognitive and semiotic analysis of translation strategies implied in the translation of the film “Darkest Hour”. Regarding a film as a communicative process mediated by certain semiotic features makes it possible to analyze the semiotic character of film discourse in translation. Thus, it was decided that translation is not just a speech-oriented process but a communicative act taking place within a definite semiotic space in a cross-cultural perspective. The semiotic model of cinematic discourse has a complicated structure and is analyzed based on semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic criteria. The choice of the semiotic system primarily depends on the communicative situation and its recipients. As the semiotic system of the film “Darkest Hour” is both socioculturally and situationally conditioned, the translator reconstructed the sense of the source language text by implying the translation transformations that assured the accuracy and adequacy of its translation into the target language text.