7. Improper Pressure

2019 ◽  
pp. 109-124
Author(s):  
James Devenney
Keyword(s):  
Common Type ◽  
Undue Influence ◽  
Dominant Party ◽  
Questions And Answers

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, answer plans and suggested answers, author commentary and other features. This chapter focuses on the doctrines of undue influence and duress. Between the parties to a con-tract there are broadly two ways that a contract can be avoided for undue influence: through affirmative proof of undue influence or through raising the presumption of undue influence which is not rebutted. As regards duress, there are two main forms: physical and economic. The more common type is economic duress, which focuses on the illegitimate pressure exerted by the dominant party.

12. Mortgages

2020 ◽  
pp. 198-214
Author(s):  
Rosalind Malcolm
Keyword(s):  
Undue Influence ◽  
Mortgage Debt ◽  
Questions And Answers ◽  
The Law

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans and suggested answers, author commentary, and illustrative diagrams and flowcharts. This chapter presents sample exam questions about the law of mortgages. The questions deal with issues such as their creation; clogs on the equity of redemption; the remedies of a mortgagee and protection of the mortgagor; and undue influence. Remedies of a mortgagee where the mortgagor defaults is an area of the law where, over recent years, the courts have had to consider entirely new social circumstances in relation to ‘negative equity’ and mortgage debt.

Erythrophagocytosis in the Liver in Hemolytic Anemias

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 184-185
Author(s):  
O. T. Minick ◽  
E. Orfei ◽  
F. Volini ◽  
G. Kent
Keyword(s):  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Kupffer Cells ◽  
Acid Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Common Type ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Cell Fragments ◽  
Reticulo Endothelial System ◽  
Important Site

Hemolytic anemias were produced in rats by administering phenylhydrazine or anti-erythrocytic (rooster) serum, the latter having agglutinin and hemolysin titers exceeding 1:1000.Following administration of phenylhydrazine, the erythrocytes undergo oxidative damage and are removed from the circulation by the cells of the reticulo-endothelial system, predominantly by the spleen. With increasing dosage or if animals are splenectomized, the Kupffer cells become an important site of sequestration and are greatly hypertrophied. Whole red cells are the most common type engulfed; they are broken down in digestive vacuoles, as shown by the presence of acid phosphatase activity (Fig. 1). Heinz body material and membranes persist longer than native hemoglobin. With larger doses of phenylhydrazine, erythrocytes undergo intravascular fragmentation, and the particles phagocytized are now mainly red cell fragments of varying sizes (Fig. 2).

Ultrastructural diagnosis of peritoneal malignant mesothelioma

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 234-235
Author(s):  
S. Siew
Keyword(s):  
Malignant Mesothelioma ◽  
Common Type ◽  
Abdominal Discomfort ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metastatic Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Common Site ◽  
Primary Malignancy ◽  
Peritoneal Implant ◽  
Morphological Diagnosis ◽  
Malignant Neoplasia

Mesothelial cells constitute the lining of the three serous sacs of the body i.e. the pleura, pericardium and peritoneum. The more common type of malignant neoplasia of the serous sacs is seeding by metastatic tumors and primary malignancy of the mesothelium is unusual. Of the three sacs, the pleura is the most common site of malignant mesothelioma. Involvement of the peritoneum is extremely rare.We report 3 cases of malignant mesothelioma of the peritoneum. All of them were female. Their ages were 57, 67 and 72 years, respectively. The patients presented with abdominal discomfort and/or ascites. The extent of the tumors ranged from a peritoneal implant to widespread infiltration of the peritoneum and omentum. Histologic examination in Case 1 showed the presence of a diffusely infiltrating papillary mesothelioma without a sarcomatoid component. A mesodermal element was present in the other two cases. In order to establish a morphological diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma, the possibility has to be excluded of a metastatic adenocarcinoma.

Impairment Questions and Answers

1997 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 4-5
Keyword(s):  
Insurance Industry ◽  
Organized Labor ◽  
Injured Workers ◽  
Disability Benefits ◽  
Uniform System ◽  
Questions And Answers

Abstract Controversy attends use of the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides) in defining injured workers’ permanent partial disability benefits: States desire an efficient, nonsubjective way to determine benefits for nonscheduled injuries and are using the AMA Guides to define the extent of disability. Organized labor is concerned that use of the AMA Guides, particularly with modifications, does not yield a fair analysis of an injured worker's disability. From its first issue, The Guides Newsletter emphatically emphasized and clearly stated that impairment percentages derived according to AMA Guides criteria should not be used to make direct financial awards or direct estimates of disability. The insurance industry and organized labor differ about the use of the AMA Guides in defining permanent partial disability (PPD). Insurers support use of the AMA Guides because they seek a uniform system that minimizes subjectivity in determining benefits. Organized labor is particularly concerned about the lack of fairness of directly equating impairment and disability, and if the rating plays a role in defining disability, additional issues also must be considered. More states are likely to use the AMA Guides with incorporation of additional features such as an index to PPD.

Questions and Answers: Rating Spinal Pain Using the Sixth Edition

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 11-12
Author(s):  
Christopher R. Brigham ◽  
James B. Talmage ◽  
Marjorie Eskay-Auerbach ◽  
Charles N. Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Pain ◽  
Sixth Edition ◽  
Questions And Answers

Impairment Questions and Answers

1999 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 4-4
Keyword(s):  
Symptom Validity ◽  
Validity Testing ◽  
Symptom Validity Testing ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Tunnel Vision ◽  
Questions And Answers ◽  
Blurry Vision ◽  
Fatigue Evaluation ◽  
Choice Testing ◽  
Rule Out

Abstract Symptom validity testing, also known as forced-choice testing, is a way to assess the validity of sensory and memory deficits, including tactile anesthesias, paresthesias, blindness, color blindness, tunnel vision, blurry vision, and deafness—the common feature of which is a claimed inability to perceive or remember a sensory signal. Symptom validity testing comprises two elements: A specific ability is assessed by presenting a large number of items in a multiple-choice format, and then the examinee's performance is compared with the statistical likelihood of success based on chance alone. Scoring below a norm can be explained in many different ways (eg, fatigue, evaluation anxiety, limited intelligence, and so on), but scoring below the probabilities of chance alone most likely indicates deliberate deception. The positive predictive value of the symptom validity technique likely is quite high because there is no alternative explanation to deliberate distortion when performance is below the probability of chance. The sensitivity of this technique is not likely to be good because, as with a thermometer, positive findings indicate that a problem is present, but negative results do not rule out a problem. Although a compelling conclusion is that the examinee who scores below probabilities is deliberately motivated to perform poorly, malingering must be concluded from the total clinical context.

Questions and Answers

2000 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-3
Author(s):  
Christopher R. Brigham ◽  
James B. Talmage
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Spinal Nerve ◽  
Sensory Loss ◽  
Residual Symptoms ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Questions And Answers ◽  
Motor Nerves ◽  
Symptoms And Signs ◽  
Limited Motion

Abstract Lesions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), whether due to injury or illness, commonly result in residual symptoms and signs and, hence, permanent impairment. The AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides) describes procedures for rating upper extremity neural deficits in Chapter 3, The Musculoskeletal System, section 3.1k; Chapter 4, The Nervous System, section 4.4 provides additional information and an example. The AMA Guides also divides PNS deficits into sensory and motor and includes pain within the former. The impairment estimates take into account typical manifestations such as limited motion, atrophy, and reflex, trophic, and vasomotor deficits. Lesions of the peripheral nervous system may result in diminished sensation (anesthesia or hypesthesia), abnormal sensation (dysesthesia or paresthesia), or increased sensation (hyperesthesia). Lesions of motor nerves can result in weakness or paralysis of the muscles innervated. Spinal nerve deficits are identified by sensory loss or pain in the dermatome or weakness in the myotome supplied. The steps in estimating brachial plexus impairment are similar to those for spinal and peripheral nerves. Evaluators should take care not to rate the same impairment twice, eg, rating weakness resulting from a peripheral nerve injury and the joss of joint motion due to that weakness.

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