Comprehensive Review of Formulations Mentioned for Vatavyadhi Chikitsa in Classical Texts

Vatavyadhi Chikitsa (treatment) deals with diseases particularly caused by Vata dosha. (base of body) Vatavyadhi in present era is the most prevalent disease. Now a days Vatavyadhi are mostly concerned with neurological system, musculoskeletal system, reticulo-endothelial system and further pervades to all other systems in the body. Vata is the only dosha which governs all the other entities of the body like Pitta, Kapha,(other doshas means base of body) and Dhatu (fundamental support of body) etc. Diseases caused by vata in its vitiated (imbalance) condition are called Vatavyadhi. So, it is important to know the formulations which are mentioned in Classical texts especially in Brihattrayi (collection of three books) in order to keep all the body functions in equilibrium. Keywords: Vatavyadhi, Brihattrayee, Vata, Pitta, Kapha, formulations.

Biomacromolecule-mediated pulmonary delivery of siRNA and anti-sense oligos: challenges and possible solutions

Biomacromolecules have gained much attention as biomedicine carriers in recent years due to their remarkable biophysical and biochemical properties including sustainability, non-toxicity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, long systemic circulation time and ability to target. Recent developments in a variety of biological functions of biomacromolecules and progress in the study of biological drug carriers suggest that these carriers may have advantages over carriers of synthetic materials in terms of half-life, durability, protection and manufacturing facility. Despite the full pledge advancements in the applications of biomacromolecules, its clinical use is hindered by certain factors that allow the pre-mature release of loaded cargos before reaching the target site. The delivery therapeutics are degraded by systemic nucleases, cleared by reticulo-endothelial system, cleared by pulmonary mucus cilia or engulfed by lysosome during cellular uptake that has led to the failure of clinical therapy. It clearly indicates that there is a wide range of gaps in the results of experimental work and clinical applications of biomacromolecules. This review focuses mainly on the barriers (intracellular/extracellular) and hurdles to the delivery of biomacromolecules with special emphasis on siRNA as well as the delivery of antisense oligos in multiple pulmonary diseases, particularly focusing on lung cancer. Also, the challenges posed to such delivery and possible solutions have been highlighted.

Study of pharmacokinetics of liposomal photosensitiser based on hydroxyaluminium tetra-3-phenylthiophthalocyanine on mice

The present work is devoted to the study of pharmacokinetics of infrared photosensitizer (PS) based on hydroxyaluminium tetra‑3‑phenylthiophthalocyanine in a sterically stabilized liposomal form. The study was carried out on adult female mice. The PS was administered once intravenously at a dose of 6 mg / kg. Evaluation of the PS accumulation dynamics in the mice tissues and organs was performed at time intervals from 5 minutes to 7 days using spectral‑fluorescent method. The maximum accumulation of the PS photoactive form was recorded in lungs (32 µg / g in the interval of 5–30 minutes after introduction), liver (20.8 µg / g in the interval of 4–24 hours after introduction) and spleen (28 µg / g 4 hours after introduction). At the same time, by the end of the observation period (7 days after administration), trace amounts of the PS photoactive form were still detected in the liver and the spleen at a calculated concentration of 0.5‑1 µg / g. The PS accumulated the least in muscles and skin. The fluorescent signal from the PS accumulated in skin was detectable almost immediately, and its concentration remained at the same level (1.2‑1.5 µg / g) for up to 3 days of observation. In the muscles, the concentration of the PS reached 1.5 µg / g 15 minutes after administration, and then gradually decreased until 0.25 µg / g at 24 hours. Data on the pharmacokinetics of PS in blood, basic organs and tissues of animals were obtained, pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. 7 days after the administration, the PS concentration in the skin and muscles was below the detection limit. The studies confrmed that PEGylation of the PS liposomal form slows down the process of its capture by reticulo‑endothelial system. It was shown that the PS circulates in blood and organs of mice for a long time and it completely distributes only when 4 hours pass after administration.

Optimization of pegylated iron oxide nanoplatforms for antibody coupling and bio-targeting

PEGylation has been established as a valuable strategy to minimize nanoparticle clearance by the reticulo-endothelial system due to hydrophilicity and steric repulsion of PEG chains.

A Cadaveric Study of Human Spleen and its Clinical Significance

Background & Aim: Spleen is an important lymphatic organ that is connected to the blood vascular system. It is important component of the reticulo-endothelial system. The aim of study was to find out the morphological variations in spleen & compare it with previous studies. Material and Methods: The present study was done on 66 human adult spleens belonging to both sexes. Various morphological features of spleen like length, breadth, width and weight were measured. Shape, borders, poles and surfaces of spleen were observed. Results: The weight of spleens was between 30 Gms to 390 Gms, with an average of 139.5 Gms. 40.91% of the spleens were wedge shaped followed by tetrahedral (27.27%), triangular (18.18%), oval (9.1%) and irregular (4.55%). The length of the spleens varied between 5.10 cm to 14.8 cm with average of 9.41 cms. Their breadths were between 4.3 cms to 11 cms with average of 6.4 cms and width was between 2 cms to 5.5 cms with an average of 3.3 cms. In most of the cases, splenic notches were present on the superior border (50%) followed by on both borders (21.21%). Ten spleens had no notches on either of its borders. Conclusions: The findings of this study are useful for physicians, surgeons, radiologists and anatomists.

Pulmonary penicilliosis in HIV negative child simulating pulmonary tuberculosis

Penicillium marneffei (P. marneffei) is a rare human pathogen, unique among species of penicillium by its thermal dimorphism and its propensity to infect the lungs and reticulo endothelial system and to proliferate within histiocytes either in healthy or immunocompromised hosts. Penicillium marneffei is a rare in HIV negative child. Clinical characteristics of study were 9 years old male presented with fever, cough and loss of appetite for 6 months that persisted despite ante tuberculosis treatment. Broncho alveolar lavage showed typical elements and culture yielded the growth of penicillium marneffei. Outcome of this study was child responded to amphotericin and did not relapse on itraconozole prophylaxis. Penicilliosis mimics pulmonary tuberculosis.