To what extent is the association between disability and mental health in adolescents mediated by bullying? A causal mediation analysis

Abstract Background There is evidence that disability acquisition causes a decline in mental health, but few studies have examined the causal mechanisms through which the effect operates. This study used a novel approach to mediation analysis to quantify interventional indirect effects through employment and income. Methods We used four waves of longitudinal data to compare self-reported mental health between working aged individuals who acquired a disability (n = 233) and those who remained disability-free (n = 5419). We conducted a causal mediation analysis quantifying interventional indirect effects of disability acquisition on mental health operating through two distinct mediators: employment status and income. We used multiple imputation with 50 imputed datasets to account for missing data. Results The total causal effect of disability acquisition on mental health was estimated to be a 4.8-point decline in mental health score (estimated mean difference: -4.8, 95% CI -7.0, -2.7). The interventional indirect effect through employment was estimated to be a 0.5-point difference (-0.5, 95% CI -1.0, 0.0), accounting for 10.6% of the total effect, whereas there was no evidence that income explained any of the effect. Conclusion This study estimated that disability-related mental health inequalities could be reduced by 10.6% if employment rates were the same for people with disabilities as those without. The results highlight the need to implement measures to enable people with disabilities to remain in employment and improve employment and vocational training opportunities for people who acquire a disability.

Download Full-text

How much of the effect of disability acquisition on mental health is mediated through employment and income? A causal mediation analysis quantifying interventional indirect effects using data from four waves of an Australian cohort study

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055176 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. e055176

Author(s):

Zoe Aitken ◽

Julie Anne Simpson ◽

Rebecca Bentley ◽

Anne Marie Kavanagh

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Mediation Analysis ◽

Indirect Effects ◽

Causal Effect ◽

Short Form ◽

General Health Questionnaire ◽

Well Being ◽

Primary Outcome Measure ◽

Causal Mediation ◽

Causal Mediation Analysis

ObjectivesThere is evidence that disability acquisition causes a decline in mental health, but few studies have examined the causal mechanisms through which the effect operates. This study used a novel approach to mediation analysis to quantify interventional indirect effects (IIEs) through employment and income.Design and settingWe used four waves of longitudinal data (2011–2014) from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey, a nationally representative survey of Australian households.ParticipantsWorking aged individuals who acquired a disability (n=233) were compared with those who remained disability-free in all four waves (n=5419).Primary outcome measureSelf-reported mental health was measured using the Mental Health Inventory subscale of the Short Form 36 general health questionnaire, which measures symptoms of depression, anxiety and psychological well-being.Statistical analysisWe conducted a causal mediation analysis quantifying IIEs of disability acquisition on mental health operating through two distinct mediators: employment status and income. We used multiple imputation with 50 imputed datasets to account for missing data.ResultsThe total causal effect of disability acquisition on mental health was estimated to be a 4.8-point decline in mental health score (estimated mean difference: −4.8, 95% CI −7.0 to –2.7). The IIE through employment was estimated to be a 0.5-point difference (−0.5, 95% CI −1.0 to 0.0), accounting for 10.6% of the total effect, whereas there was no evidence that income explained any of the effects.ConclusionsThis study estimated that disability-related mental health inequalities could be reduced by 10.6% if employment rates were the same for people with disability as those without disability. The results suggest that employment is implicated in the relationship between disability acquisition and mental health and that more research is needed to understand the influence of other aspects of employment and other socioeconomic characteristics.

Download Full-text