scholarly journals Integrated Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Screening System for Amnesic, Neurotoxic, Diarrhetic, and Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins Found in New Zealand

2001 ◽  
Vol 84 (5) ◽  
pp. 1643-1648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Garthwaite ◽  
Kathryn M Ross ◽  
Christopher O Miles ◽  
Lyn R Briggs ◽  
Neale R Towers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Screening System ◽  
Good Recovery ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Dsp Toxins

Abstract Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were developed for amnesic, neurotoxic, and diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (ASP, NSP, and DSP) toxins and for yessotoxin. These assays, along with a commercially available paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) ELISA, were used to test the feasibility of an ELISA-based screening system. It was concluded that such a system to identify suspect shellfish samples, for subsequent analysis by methods approved by international regulatory authorities, is feasible. The assays had sufficient sensitivity and can be used on simple shellfish extracts. Alcohol extraction gave good recovery of all toxin groups. The ease of ELISAs permits the ready expansion of the system to screen for other toxins, as new ELISAs become available.

Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning: Evaluation of Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Methods for Determination of Dinophyslstoxin-2

1995 ◽  
Vol 78 (6) ◽  
pp. 1403-1407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eoin P Carmody ◽  
Kevin J James ◽  
Seán S Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Regulatory Control ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Elisa Method ◽  
Multiple Samples ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic

Abstract Dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX-2), an isomer of okadaic acid (OA), recently has been found in Irish waters. DTX-2 was the predominant toxin during prolonged infestations in cultivated mussels along the southwest coast of Ireland. Substantial variations in toxin levels may exist both horizontally and vertically in the water column. The need to take multiple samples and the ethical concern about the use of mammals for routine quality control of shellfish prompted examination of 2 commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods, designed to detect OA, for determination of both OA and DTX-2. One ELISA method (DSPCheck, Sceti Co. Ltd., (Tokyo, Japan) showed good cross-reactivity (40 ± 5%) with standard DTX-2. This study showed that both ELISA methods show good correlation with the liquid chromatographic analysis of 9-anthryldiazomethane derivatives when OA is the predominant toxin present. The sensitivity was also good for OA determination using both methods, which allowed toxin measurement at 10 ng/mL (0.5 ng/well). This level is equivalent to 0.03 μg/g mussel meat. Blank mussel samples spiked with DTX-2 standards gave a good linear correlation (r = 0.997) with this ELISA method when toxin levels were 0.03-0.3 μg/g mussel meat. This range is appropriate for regulatory control of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning.

scholarly journals Improved Accuracy of Saxitoxin Measurement Using an Optimized Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer R. McCall ◽  
W. Christopher Holland ◽  
Devon M. Keeler ◽  
D. Ransom Hardison ◽  
R. Wayne Litaker
Keyword(s):  
Safety Management ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Toxicity Assessment ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Neurological Dysfunction ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Improved Accuracy

Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) is precipitated by a family of toxins produced by harmful algae, which are consumed by filter-feeding and commercially popular shellfish. The toxins, including saxitoxin, neosaxitoxin, and gonyautoxins, accumulate in shellfish and cause intoxication when consumed by humans and animals. Symptoms can range from minor neurological dysfunction to respiratory distress and death. There are over 40 different chemical congeners of saxitoxin and its analogs, many of which are toxic and many of which have low toxicity or are non-toxic. This makes accurate toxicity assessment difficult and complicates decisions regarding whether or not shellfish are safe to consume. In this study, we describe a new antibody-based bioassay that is able to detect toxic congeners (saxitoxin, neosaxitoxin, and gonyautoxins) with little cross-reactivity with the low or non-toxic congeners (decarbamoylated or di-sulfated forms). The anti-saxitoxin antibody used in this assay detects saxitoxin and neosaxitoxin, the two most toxic congers equally well, but not the relatively highly toxic gonyautoxins. By incorporating an incubation step with L-cysteine, it is possible to convert a majority of the gonyautoxins present to saxitoxin and neosaxitoxin, which are readily detected. The assay is, therefore, capable of detecting the most toxic PSP congeners found in commercially relevant shellfish. The assay was validated against samples whose toxicity was determined using standard HPLC methods and yielded a strong linear agreement between the methods, with R2 values of 0.94–0.96. As ELISAs are rapid, inexpensive, and easy-to-use, this new commercially available PSP ELISA represents an advance in technology allowing better safety management of the seafood supply and the ability to screen large numbers of samples that can occur when monitoring is increased substantially in response to toxic bloom events

scholarly journals Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxin-Producing Cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon gracile in Northeast Germany

2010 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 1173-1180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Ballot ◽  
Jutta Fastner ◽  
Claudia Wiedner
Keyword(s):  
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxin ◽  
Aphanizomenon Gracile ◽  
Psp Toxins

ABSTRACT Neurotoxic paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins, anatoxin-a (ATX), and hepatotoxic cylindrospermopsin (CYN) have been detected in several lakes in northeast Germany during the last 2 decades. They are produced worldwide by members of the nostocalean genera Anabaena, Cylindrospermopsis, and Aphanizomenon. Although no additional sources of PSP toxins and ATX have been identified in German water bodies to date, the observed CYN concentrations cannot be produced solely by Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, the only known CYN producer in Germany. Therefore, we attempted to identify PSP toxin, ATX, and CYN producers by isolating and characterizing 92 Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, and Anabaenopsis strains from five lakes in northeast Germany. In a polyphasic approach, all strains were morphologically and phylogenetically classified and then tested for PSP toxins, ATX, and CYN by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and screened for the presence of PSP toxin- and CYN-encoding gene fragments. As demonstrated by ELISA and LC-MS, 14 Aphanizomenon gracile strains from Lakes Melang and Scharmützel produced four PSP toxin variants (gonyautoxin 5 [GTX5], decarbamoylsaxitoxin [dcSTX], saxitoxin [STX], and neosaxitoxin [NEO]). GTX5 was the most prevalent PSP toxin variant among the seven strains from Lake Scharmützel, and NEO was the most prevalent among the seven strains from Lake Melang. The sxtA gene, which is part of the saxitoxin gene cluster, was found in the 14 PSP toxin-producing A. gracile strains and in 11 non-PSP toxin-producing Aphanizomenon issatschenkoi, A. flos-aquae, Anabaena planktonica, and Anabaenopsis elenkinii strains. ATX and CYN were not detected in any of the isolated strains. This study is the first confirming the role of A. gracile as a PSP toxin producer in German water bodies.

scholarly journals Penelitian mengenai Keberadaan Biotoksin pada Biota dan Lingkungan Perairan Teluk Jakarta.

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mulyasari Mulyasari ◽  
Rosmawaty. Peranginangin. ◽  
Th. Dwi. Suryaningrum. ◽  
Abdul. Sari.
Keyword(s):  
Okadaic Acid ◽  
Algal Bloom ◽  
Harmful Algal Bloom ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish

           Penelitian dilakukan di perairan pantai Teluk Jakarta yaitu sekitar Muara Angke, Muara Dadap, Cilincing dan Tanjung Pasir. Untuk mengetahui kadar biotoksin seperti paralytic shellfish poison­ing (PSP) dan diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) pada biota laut, dilakukan bioassay dan analisis HPLC. Parameter pendukung yang diamati adalah kondisi fisik seperti suhu, salinitas, pH, kecepatan dan arah arus, kecerahan dan kedalaman laut, nilai DO dan BOD; kandungan zat hara (nitrat, nitrit, fosfat, ammonia dan sulfur),‑ dan plankton Oenis dan kelimpahan). Pengamatan dilakukan dua kali dalam setahun yaitu bulan Mei dan Oktober 2001, pada 9 titik yaitu 1, 2 dan 3 mil dari garis pantai dan pada masing‑masing titik diambil 1 mil ke kanan dan 1 mil ke kiri. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kenaikan jumlah plankton ternyata dipengaruhi oleh kondisi zat hara. Jenis fitoplankton yang dominan adalah Chaetocheros. Jenis plankton yang potensial sebagai penyebab harmful algal bloom (HAB) yang terdapat di perairan Teluk Jakarta adalah dari filum dinoflagellata seperti: Ceratium, Dynophysis, Ganyaulax, dan Gymnodium. Dari filum Bacillariophyceae adalah genus Nitzchia, Chaetocheros dan Thalassiosira, sedangkan dari filum Cyanophyceae adalah genus Trichodesmium. Kandungan paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) dari kerang berdasarkan uji bioassay, tidak menyebabkan kematian. Contoh kerang mengandung saxitoxin sekitar 2,1‑2,3 ug/1 00 g. Kandungan okadaic acid pada kerang dan ikan karang berkisar antara 0,05‑0,1 ug/100 g. Pada ikan karang, kandungan toksin lebih banyak terdapat pada isi perut dibandingkan pada daging ikan. Namun demikian, kandungan saxitoxin dan okadaic acid pada kerang dan ikan tersebut masih dibawah ambang yang diijinkan.

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