Reproductive Biology and Evidence of Diapause in the Cowpea Curculio (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 882-886
Author(s):  
David G Riley ◽  
Sydni Barwick ◽  
Alton N Sparks ◽  
Thomas Harty ◽  
Negin Hamadi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Summer Generation ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Historical Distribution ◽  
Larval Emergence

Abstract Chalcodermus aeneus Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) has been the most destructive insect pest of black-eyed peas or cowpeas, Vigna unguiculata L. (Fabales: Fabaceae), over the last century in the southeastern United States. The historical distribution of this semitropical pest suggests the likelihood that diapause plays a key role in the overwintering success in parts of the United States. However, this report is the first to document biological evidence for diapause in C. aeneus. Our study assessed larval emergence from cowpea pods in the summer to fall growing seasons, egg development in female adults over the first (summer) and second (fall) generations, and adult emergence from infested soil after the first and second generations. There was a clear reduction in larval emergence from summer to fall. Egg and follicle development in female C. aeneus dropped off dramatically by September of each year. There was an extended emergence pattern of weevil adults from the soil in the fall as compared to the summer generation. Any future regional management of cowpea curculio will have to take into account the ability of this insect to diapause, thereby increasing its capacity to overwinter in regions where the cowpea crop, a warm-season, semitropical plant, is terminated with winter freezing temperatures.

scholarly journals Managing Southern Chinch Bug in Warm Season Turfgrasses

EDIS ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eileen A. Buss ◽  
Brianna Whitman ◽  
Adam G. Dale
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Fact Sheet ◽  
Chinch Bug ◽  
Important Pest ◽  
Southern Chinch Bug

Southern chinch bug, Blissus isularis Barber, is the most damaging insect pest of St. Augustinegrass in the United States. St. Augustinegrass is the most common turfgrass used in Florida. The ubiquity of this single turfgrass species makes southern chinch bug an economically important pest in the state. In fact, chinch bugs cost Florida homeowners and professionals millions of dollars every year. This 7-page fact sheet written by Eileen A. Buss, Brianna M. Whitman, and Adam G. Dale and published by the UF/IFAS Department of Entomology and Nematology describes the biology of the pest and the damage it causes and lists ways to scout and monitor for chinch bugs and some strategies for control of the pest.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/lh036

scholarly journals Relationships Between the Pathogen Olpidium virulentus and Viruses Associated with Lettuce Big-Vein Disease

Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (6) ◽  
pp. 700-707 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. D. Maccarone
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Resting Spores ◽  
Olpidium Virulentus ◽  
Production Areas ◽  
Vein Disease ◽  
Leaf Symptoms

Lettuce big-vein disease (LBVD) is a widespread problem in commercial lettuce producing areas. It was first reported in 1934 in California. In the United States in 2009, it was estimated that 100% of all commercial lettuce production was concentrated in California (in early spring) and Arizona (in winter). The disease also occurs worldwide, particularly in regions in Australia, Europe, Brazil, and New Zealand, and at high altitudes in subtropical regions. LBVD often results in decreased yield from infected plants, mainly in winter growing seasons. Symptoms of this disease are the obvious chlorophyll clearing, which causes the big-vein leaf symptoms from which the disease gets its name, along with crinkled leaves and a reduced head size, which is often oblong in shape. LBVD is associated with a complex of two viruses, Lettuce big-vein associated virus (LBVaV) and Mirafiori lettuce big-vein virus (MLBVV). Motile zoospores of Olpidium virulentus vector LBVaV and MLBVV to the roots of healthy plants and, in the absence of susceptible hosts, its resting spores retain the ability to harbor these viruses for decades in infested soil and in dry roots for 39 months. The ability of viruliferous resting spores to persist in production areas for such extended periods of time, and also the motility of viruliferous zoospores, pose significant difficulties for the management and/or control of the disease.

scholarly journals Shifts in Precipitation Accumulation Extremes During the Warm Season Over the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (16) ◽  
pp. 8586-8595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristian Martinez‐Villalobos ◽  
J. David Neelin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
The United States

scholarly journals A Radar-Based Climatology of Mesoscale Convective Systems in the United States

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 1591-1606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex M. Haberlie ◽  
Walker S. Ashley
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Gulf Coast ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
The United States ◽  
Corn Belt ◽  
High Plains ◽  
Convective System ◽  
Aquifer Recharge ◽  
Mesoscale Convective

Abstract This research applies an automated mesoscale convective system (MCS) segmentation, classification, and tracking approach to composite radar reflectivity mosaic images that cover the contiguous United States (CONUS) and span a relatively long study period of 22 years (1996–2017). These data afford a novel assessment of the seasonal and interannual variability of MCSs. Additionally, hourly precipitation data from 16 of those years (2002–17) are used to systematically examine rainfall associated with radar-derived MCS events. The attributes and occurrence of MCSs that pass over portions of the CONUS east of the Continental Divide (ECONUS), as well as five author-defined subregions—North Plains, High Plains, Corn Belt, Northeast, and Mid-South—are also examined. The results illustrate two preferred regions for MCS activity in the ECONUS: 1) the Mid-South and Gulf Coast and 2) the Central Plains and Midwest. MCS occurrence and MCS rainfall display a marked seasonal cycle, with most of the regions experiencing these events primarily during the warm season (May–August). Additionally, MCS rainfall was responsible for over 50% of annual and seasonal rainfall for many locations in the ECONUS. Of particular importance, the majority of warm-season rainfall for regions with high agricultural land use (Corn Belt) and important aquifer recharge properties (High Plains) is attributable to MCSs. These results reaffirm that MCSs are a significant aspect of the ECONUS hydroclimate.

Insect Pest Management in Postharvest Ecosystems in the United States of America

2009 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 279-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank H. Arthur ◽  
Judy A. Johnson ◽  
Lisa G. Neven ◽  
Guy J. Hallman ◽  
Peter A. Follett
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
The United States ◽  
Insect Pest Management

scholarly journals Evaluation and Identification of Basil Germ Plasm for Resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. basilicum

Plant Disease ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 81 (9) ◽  
pp. 1077-1081 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reuven Reuveni ◽  
Nativ Dudai ◽  
Eli Putievsky ◽  
W. H. Elmer ◽  
R. L. Wick
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Germ Plasm ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ocimum Basilicum ◽  
Artificial Inoculation ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Thymus Vulgaris ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Causal Organism

Growth chamber evaluation of several cultivars of basil and related herbs examined in the United States revealed that identical cultivars from different sources did not differ in their reactions to artificial inoculation with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. basilicum. Cultivars differed in susceptibility to the pathogen: “Spicy globe” miniature was the most susceptible, and lemon basil (Ocimum basilicum var. citriodorum), Origanum majorana, and Thymus vulgaris were rated as not susceptible. Twenty isolates of F. oxysporum, originating from stems of diseased basil plants in Israel, were pathogenic on basil in growth chamber and greenhouse tests. Under artificial inoculation, 2 isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. basilicum from stems were pathogenic to basil but not to 9 species representing Lamiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Solanaceae, and Compositae indicating the specificity of the pathogen to basil. These isolates were used for additional resistance tests. Ocimum basilicum var. purpurascens (Exotic) and var. citriodorum were rated as not susceptible to the pathogen under artificial inoculation. Resistant germ plasm was identified in several basil plants of a local variety originally introduced from the United States and reselected at Newe Ya'ar. Seeds were planted in the greenhouse in naturally highly infested soil. Symptomless plants that survived in naturally infested soil were the source for F1 seeds of resistant germ plasm, which was confirmed by artificial inoculations with both isolates of the pathogen. Further selection tests to improve resistance were conducted up to the F4 generation in infested soil in the greenhouse. All individuals of the present genetic line remained symptomless, while all individual plants of the original susceptible cultivar defoliated 3 weeks after planting into infested soil, suggesting that the resistance may be a single, dominant gene. The causal organism was reisolated only from the susceptible plants and not from the symptomless resistant plants through all the experiments.

Comparison of Ground-Based Radar and Geosynchronous Satellite Climatologies of Warm-Season Precipitation over the United States

2008 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 3264-3270 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Tuttle ◽  
Richard E. Carbone ◽  
Phillip A. Arkin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Brightness Temperature ◽  
Satellite Data ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Propagation Speed ◽  
Radar Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Temperature Threshold ◽  
Brightness Temperatures ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Studies in the past several years have documented the climatology of warm-season precipitation-episode statistics (propagation speed, span, and duration) over the United States using a national composited radar dataset. These climatological studies have recently been extended to other continents, including Asia, Africa, and Australia. However, continental regions outside the United States have insufficient radar coverage, and the newer studies have had to rely on geostationary satellite data at infrared (IR) frequencies as a proxy for rainfall. It is well known that the use of IR brightness temperatures to infer rainfall is subject to large errors. In this study, the statistics of warm-season precipitation episodes derived from radar and satellite IR measurements over the United States are compared and biases introduced by the satellite data are evaluated. It is found that the satellite span and duration statistics are highly dependent upon the brightness temperature threshold used but with the appropriate choices of thresholds can be brought into good agreement with those based upon radar data. The propagation-speed statistics of satellite events are on average ∼4 m s−1 faster than radar events and are relatively insensitive to the brightness temperature threshold. A simple correction procedure based upon the difference between the steering winds for the precipitation core and the winds at the level of maximum anvil outflow is developed.

scholarly journals BETTERGRO BLACKEYE: A NEW PEST AND DISEASE RESISTANT HIGH YIELDING SOUTHERNPEA

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (11) ◽  
pp. 1176g-1176
Author(s):  
R. L. Fery ◽  
P. D. Dukes
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Quality Evaluation ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Production Areas ◽  
Agricultural Research Service

The Agricultural Research Service of the United States Department of Agriculture announced the release of `Bettergro Blackeye' southernpea on 24 July 1991. The new cultivar is well adapted for production throughout the southern United States where it can be expected to produce excellent yields of high quality, blackeye-type peas. `Bettergro Blackeye' outyielded the `Pinkeye Purple Hull-BVR' check in the 1986, 1987, 1988, and 1989 Regional Southernpea Cooperative Trials by 34.8, 14.3, 12.6, and 20.9%, respectively. Canned samples of fresh `Bettergro Blackeye' peas scored well in three years of quality evaluation tests. The new cultivar is resistant to the cowpea curculio, the major insect pest of the southernpea in southeastern production areas, and root knot, a severe root disease incited by several species of the root-knot nematode. `Bettergro Blackeye' plants have a greater tendency to produce a second crop than plants of most southernpea cultivars.

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