Part II Vertical Agreements Under Regulation 330/2010, 5 Article 3: Market Share Threshold

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wijckmans Frank ◽  
Tuytschaever Filip
Keyword(s):  
Market Share ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Relevant Market ◽  
Market Shares ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Over Time

This chapter discusses the market share limits that determine the applicability of Regulation 330/2010. Each of the supplier and the buyer must in principle remain below an individual limit of 30 per cent. In order to assess the market share limits, the chapter addresses the following steps of the analysis: (i) ninth step: definition of the relevant market; and (ii) tenth step: calculation of the market shares. It concludes by addressing the concrete and practical application of the market share limits in accordance with Regulation 330/2010 and offers easy-to-read overview tables illustrating the effect of changes in the market share levels over time.

Cyclical Market Power

2002 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-145
Author(s):  
Amitai Aviram
Keyword(s):  
Market Power ◽  
Market Share ◽  
Product Market ◽  
Common Method ◽  
Market Definition ◽  
Barriers To Entry ◽  
Relevant Market ◽  
Market Conditions ◽  
Definition Of

Market power is not ubiquitous; it is limited to certain products, in certain areas, and to certain times. Understanding the limits of the market power possessed by a firm in a given case is essential to the correct assessment of the firm's behavior and its antitrust implications.The most common method used to identify the scope as well as the strength of a firm's market power is through the definition of relevant markets, calculation of market share and identification of relevant market conditions (e.g., barriers to entry). Correct assessment of suspected market power should relate to all the limits on that power. For that reason, when exploring the possibility that a certain firm possesses market power, a product market definition is of limited use without the support of the relevant geographic market definition.This is also true of temporal restraints on market power. Some firms may be expected to possess market power (within certain product and geographical bounds) continuously, until a substantial and unexpected change in the industry diminishes their market power or changes its boundaries.

Historical Method in Marketing Research with New Evidence on Long-Term Market Share Stability

2000 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter N. Golder
Keyword(s):  
Market Share ◽  
Marketing Research ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Empirical Generalization ◽  
The Past ◽  
Market Shares ◽  
Approaches To Study ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Over Time

Several researchers have advocated historical or longitudinal approaches to study marketing phenomena. Although some have applied this approach, more often it has been overlooked or denigrated. The author argues that historical method is capable of producing scientific knowledge that is currently useful, rather than simply a remembrance of the past. The author presents a complete description of the historical method, so researchers can use this article as a guide when applying this method. The value of the method is illustrated by examining the prevailing finding in the marketing literature that market shares are stable over time. Although this finding is considered an empirical generalization, an analysis of more than 650 brands in 100 categories raises doubts about the longevity of market share stability.

The Distinction between [P] and [S]

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Galen Strawson
Keyword(s):  
Personal Identity ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
Legal Responsibility ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Over Time

This chapter examines the difference between John Locke's definition of a person [P], considered as a kind of thing, and his definition of a subject of experience of a certain sophisticated sort [S]. It first discusses the equation [P] = [S], where [S] is assumed to be a continuing thing that is able to survive radical change of substantial realization, as well as Locke's position about consciousness in relation to [P]'s identity or existence over time as [S]. It argues that Locke is not guilty of circularity because he is not proposing consciousness as the determinant of [S]'s identity over time, but only of [S]'s moral and legal responsibility over time. Finally, it suggests that the terms “Person” and “Personal identity” pull apart, in Locke's scheme of things, but in a perfectly coherent way.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE JUDICIAL DEFINITION OF MATERIALITY

1990 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
LuAnn Bean ◽  
Deborah W. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Court Cases ◽  
Accounting Profession ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Over Time

Determining what should be considered a material item has been a problem for both the accounting profession and the courts. By reviewing the court cases involving the issue of materiality, the authors have determined where differences in the materiality standard as applied by the courts exist. The judicial definition of materiality has developed over time, and current trends with important variations are observed. Based upon the authors' analysis, the following judicial definition of materiality, with its possible variations, is suggested: Would the reasonable (or speculative) investor (or layman) consider important (or be influenced by) this information in determining his course of action?

Industry Specialization by Auditors

1999 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris E. Hogan ◽  
Debra C. Jeter
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Market Share ◽  
Scale Economies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Industry Specialization ◽  
Audit Market ◽  
Audit Firms ◽  
Regulated Industries ◽  
Concentration Levels ◽  
Over Time

Dramatic changes in recent years in the audit market suggest the timeliness of an investigation of trends in auditor concentration and an extension of prior research (e.g., Danos and Eichenseher 1982). In recent press, large audit firms have claimed that specialization is a goal of increasing importance. Peat Marwick, for example, has restructured along industry lines, claiming to be recruiting professionals for national teams of multidisciplinary experts organized to “focus on the same industry to serve clients optimally.” On the other hand, litigation concerns might prompt auditors to diversify their risks by diversifying their clientele. In this study, we examine trends in industry specialization from 1976 to 1993 and the industry factors which may affect specialization; whether market share increases are greater for audit firms classified as specialists; and whether the nation's largest audit firms have increased their market share in the industries which they have identified as their focus industries. We find evidence that concentration levels have increased over this period, consistent with the claims of the large audit firms. We find that auditor concentration levels are higher in regulated industries, in more concentrated industries and in industries experiencing rapid growth, but lower in industries with a high risk of litigation. Levels of concentration have increased over time in nonregulated industries providing evidence that scale economies or superior efficiencies of heavy-involvement auditors are not limited to regulated industries but extend to nonregulated industries as well. We also find that for the audit firms classified as market leaders at the beginning of the year, market share has increased over time, whereas market share has declined for firms with a smaller share at the beginning of the year. This suggests that there are returns to investing in specialization.

Decision Processes and Value Endogeneity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
James G. March
Keyword(s):  
Decision Processes ◽  
Hard Problem ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Over Time ◽  
What Matters

Humans use reasons to shape and justify choices. In the process, trade-offs seem essential and often inevitable. But trade-offs involve comparisons, which are problematic both across values and especially over time. Reducing disparate values to a common metric (especially if that metric is money) is often problematic and unsatisfactory. Critically, it is not that values just shape choices, but that choices themselves shape values. This endogeneity of values makes an unconditional normative endorsement of modern decision-theoretic rationality unwise. This is a hard problem and there is no escaping the definition of good values, that is, those that make humans better. This removes the wall between economics and philosophy. If we are to adopt and enact this perspective, then greater discourse and debate on what matters and not just what counts will be useful and even indispensable.

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