Specific Phobia and Social Anxiety Disorder

2018 ◽  
pp. 242-265
Author(s):  
Karen Rowa ◽  
Randi E. McCabe ◽  
Martin M. Antony
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Social Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Monitoring And Evaluation ◽  
Specific Phobia ◽  
Negative Evaluation ◽  
Assessment Instruments ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Individual

Specific phobia and social anxiety disorder (SAD) share a number of features, but the focus of fear distinguishes between these anxiety disorders. In specific phobia, the excessive fear is focused on a particular situation or object, whereas in SAD, it is focused on one or more social and performance situations in which the individual fears acting in a way that will be embarrassing or lead to negative evaluation by others or revealing unbecoming personal attributes. The chapter focuses on the assessment of specific phobia and SAD in adults. It begins with a review of the nature of the disorders, which is followed by a review of clinical assessment instruments designed for the assessment purposes of (a) diagnosis, (b) case conceptualization and treatment planning, and (c) treatment monitoring and evaluation. Recommendations are included for instruments with the greatest scientific support and for assessing these anxiety disorders in a clinically sensitive manner.

Anxiety disorders in primary care

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Dold ◽  
Siegfried Kasper
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Panic Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Generalized Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Social Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Pharmacological Treatment ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Specific Phobia ◽  
Generalized Anxiety

Chapter 7 summarizes the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and evidence for pharmacological treatment options of generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, specific phobia, and social anxiety disorder. With regard to the pharmacological management, serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) represent the well-established first-line medication for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder, agoraphobia, and social anxiety disorder. In GAD, also the calcium channel modulator pregabalin can be regarded as evidence-based treatment option. In simple cases of specific phobia, however, the initiation of a pharmacotherapy is not recognized as standard treatment according to international treatment guidelines and psychotherapeutic interventions should be preferred. Besides illustrating the pharmacological treatment options, we described the actualized diagnostic criteria for anxiety disorders established in the newly introduced fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V).

Anxiety Disorders: Social Anxiety Disorder and Specific Phobia

Psychiatry ◽  
2015 ◽  
pp. 1019-1056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randi E. McCabe ◽  
Heather K. Hood ◽  
Martin M. Antony
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Social Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Specific Phobia

scholarly journals Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) to Treat Social Anxiety Disorder: Case Reports and a Review of the Literature

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 180-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flávia Paes ◽  
Tathiana Baczynski ◽  
Felipe Novaes ◽  
Tamires Marinho ◽  
Oscar Arias-Carrión ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Social Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
The Right

Objectives: Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is a common and debilitating anxiety disorders. However, few studies had been dedicated to the neurobiology underlying SAD until the last decade. Rates of non-responders to standard methods of treatment remain unsatisfactorily high of approximately 25%, including SAD. Advances in our understanding of SAD could lead to new treatment strategies. A potential non invasive therapeutic option is repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Thus, we reported two cases of SAD treated with rTMS Methods: The bibliographical search used Pubmed/Medline, ISI Web of Knowledge and Scielo databases. The terms chosen for the search were: anxiety disorders, neuroimaging, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Results: In most of the studies conducted on anxiety disorders, except SAD, the right prefrontal cortex (PFC), more specifically dorsolateral PFC was stimulated, with marked results when applying high-rTMS compared with studies stimulating the opposite side. However, according to the “valence hypothesis”, anxiety disorders might be characterized by an interhemispheric imbalance associated with increased right-hemispheric activity. With regard to the two cases treated with rTMS, we found a decrease in BDI, BAI and LSAS scores from baseline to follow-up. Conclusion: We hypothesize that the application of low-rTMS over the right medial PFC (mPFC; the main structure involved in SAD circuitry) combined with high-rTMS over the left mPFC, for at least 4 weeks on consecutive weekdays, may induce a balance in brain activity, opening an attractive therapeutic option for the treatment of SAD.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Acceptance Commitment Therapy (ACT) in Social Anxiety Disorder: Application of a Longitudinal Method for Evaluation of Mediation Role of Acceptance, Cognitive Fusion and Values

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esmail Soltani ◽  
◽  
Seyed Abdolmajid Bahrainian ◽  
Ali Farhoudian ◽  
Abbas Masjedi Arani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Social Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Negative Evaluation ◽  
Fear Of Negative Evaluation ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Cognitive Fusion

Objectives: The purpose of the current study was to examine the effectiveness of ACT on symptom severity, fear about negative evaluation, quality of life and mediation role of acceptance, cognitive fusion and value among patients with Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD). Methods: Thirty patients diagnosed with SAD were randomized in the intervention (n=15) or waiting list groups (n=15). The Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory (SPAI), Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (BFNE), WHO Quality of Life (WHOQOL), Social Anxiety - Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (SA-AAQ), Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire (CFQ) and Valued Living Questionnaire (VLQ) were administered before, immediately after, and at one month follow up. Repeated measurement design was used in the intervention group to investigate the changes of mediation and outcomes variables in the pretest, during, and post- therapy. Twenty-four patients completed the study. One-way analysis of covariance, Multivariate analysis of covariance and repeated measures was used for analysis. Results: Results showed that there were differences between the intervention and waiting list groups on the severity of symptoms (p=0.001), fear of negative evaluation (p=0.002), and quality of life (p=0.03), as well as in terms of specific measures of SA-AAQ(p=0.001), cognitive fusion (p=0.001), and important section of VLQ(p=0.001). Repeated measurement result showed that acceptance and action of social anxiety and cognitive fusion had a mediating role in the severity of anxiety, fear about negative evaluation, and quality of life. Discussion: Results of the study indicate the effectiveness of ACT for SAD and highlighted mediator contribution acceptance and action and cognitive fusion in severity of social anxiety.

scholarly journals Behavioral Inhibition in Childhood as A Risk Factor for Development of Social Anxiety Disorder: A Longitudinal Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 3941
Author(s):  
Garcia-Lopez Luis-Joaquin ◽  
Espinosa-Fernández Lourdes ◽  
Muela-Martínez José A
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Social Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Behavioral Inhibition ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Interview Schedule ◽  
School Settings ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Home And School

Previous research has suggested the association between behavioral inhibition (BI) and the development of social anxiety disorder in childhood. However, there is scarce research using longitudinal methodology in Spanish-speaking populations. To cover this gap, the sample comprised 73 children ranging from six to eight years who had been examined for BI two years earlier in home and school settings. Children and their parents were administered the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-5-Child and Parent Versions to assess the presence of possible anxiety disorders. The results revealed the stability of BI symptomatology over time. Data also showed that BI children were almost ten times more likely to develop social anxiety disorder two years later, compared to no-BI children. As a result, findings suggest behavioral inhibition strongly predicts social anxiety disorder, making BI a logical focus for selective preventive interventions. Therefore, screening for behavioral inhibition holds promise for primary prevention.

Pharmacological Treatments for Panic Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Specific Phobia, and Social Anxiety Disorder

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan J. Kimmel ◽  
Peter P. Roy-Byrne ◽  
Deborah S. Cowley
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Panic Disorder ◽  
Generalized Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Social Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors ◽  
Specific Phobia ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Pharmacological Treatments ◽  
First Line

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the first-line pharmacological treatment for panic disorder based on their low rate of side effects, lack of dietary restrictions, and absence of tolerance. SSRIs and venlafaxine are attractive first-line treatments for social anxiety disorder. Pharmacological treatments of choice for generalized anxiety disorder are buspirone and antidepressants, including SSRIs and venlafaxine. Benzodiazepines, although effective for all these disorders, lack efficacy for comorbid depression and carry the risk of physiological dependence and withdrawal symptoms. Their greatest utility seems to be as an initial or adjunctive medication for patients with disabling symptoms requiring rapid relief and for those unable to tolerate other medications. Chronic treatment with benzodiazepines is generally safe and effective but should probably be reserved for patients nonresponsive or intolerant to other agents. Larger trials are necessary to determine whether pharmacological agents might be useful as monotherapies, or adjuncts to exposure psychotherapy, for specific phobia.

Effect of as-needed use of intranasal PH94B on social and performance anxiety in individuals with social anxiety disorder

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (12) ◽  
pp. 1081-1089 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Liebowitz ◽  
Rita Hanover ◽  
Ann Draine ◽  
Rita Lemming ◽  
Jason Careri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Social Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Performance Anxiety ◽  
And Performance

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Clinical Global Impression Scale among individuals with social anxiety disorder

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 611-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. I. ZAIDER ◽  
R. G. HEIMBERG ◽  
D. M. FRESCO ◽  
F. R. SCHNEIER ◽  
M. R. LIEBOWITZ
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Social Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Clinical Global Impression ◽  
Severity Of Illness ◽  
Anxiety Symptoms ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Clinical Global Impression Scale ◽  
Additional Variance

Background. The clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI) is commonly used as a primary outcome measure in studies evaluating the efficacy of treatments for anxiety disorders. The current study evaluated the psychometric properties and predictors of clinicians' ratings on an adapted version of the CGI among individuals with social anxiety disorders.Method. An independent assessor administered the CGI Severity of Illness and Improvement ratings to 123 patients at baseline and the subset of treated patients again mid- and post-treatment.Results. Improvement ratings were strongly related to both concurrent Severity of Illness and changes in Severity of Illness ratings from baseline. Additionally, both CGI ratings were positively correlated with both self-report and clinician-administered measures of social anxiety, depression, impairment and quality of life. Measures of social anxiety symptoms accounted for a large portion of the variance in Severity of Illness ratings, with significant additional variance accounted for by measures of impairment and depression. Changes in social anxiety symptoms from baseline accounted for significant variance in Improvement ratings, but no significant additional variance was accounted for by changes in impairment and depressive symptoms.Conclusions. Our findings support the utility of the CGI as an index of global severity and symptom-specific improvement among individuals with social anxiety disorder.

scholarly journals ABA, ABC, and AAB renewal in fear conditioning using social stimuli and its quantitative description

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masato Nihei ◽  
Daiki Hojo ◽  
Kosuke Sawa
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Fear Conditioning ◽  
Social Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Bayesian Modeling ◽  
Exposure Therapy ◽  
Quantitative Description ◽  
Individual Data ◽  
Social Stimuli ◽  
The Individual

A relapse in clinical anxiety following exposure therapy for social anxiety disorder is prevalent and causes serious problems. According to the fear conditioning theory of social anxiety disorder, a part of this relapse can be caused by the renewal effect. This study aimed to investigate whether three renewal effects occur in a fear conditioning procedure that uses social stimuli as both unconditioned and conditioned stimuli, which is an analog preparation of acquisition of social anxiety and reduction by exposure therapy. Sixty-four participants were randomly allocated to four groups (AAA, ABA, ABC, and AAB). They received 9 pairings with a natural face and a negative comment during the acquisition phase and then received 18 pairings with the same face and a neutral comment from the person in the extinction phase. Following extinction, the testing phase was conducted. Context, defined as background colors, used in each phase was different between groups. We conducted two analyses, the ANOVA and Bayesian modeling, to investigate whether three types of renewal effects occur, whether the individual data can be described by an associative model and whether individual differences in learning are related to social anxiety. The ANOVA showed the occurrence of three renewals in the procedure, although the size of their effects was the same. The Bayesian modeling indicated that individual data were generally consistent with the model, and there were some relationships among the estimated parameters and between their parameters and social anxiety. These findings suggest that the relapse following exposure therapy is related to renewal effects, the effect of each exposure session can be represented by mathematical associative models, and some features of learning in the procedure are related to other features and social anxiety.

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