Anxiety Disorders

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ambreen Ghori ◽  
Aarti Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Medical Condition ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
General Medical Condition

This chapter reviews topics on anxiety disorders including panic disorder, specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, acute stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, anxiety disorder due to a general medical condition, Substance/medication-induced anxiety disorder and body dysmorphic disorder

Panic Attacks and Anxiety Disorders

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Curtis Wittmann
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Panic Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Panic Attacks ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder

This review discusses the acute diagnosis and management of panic and anxiety disorders. Anxiety disorders are among the most common psychiatric disorders in the country and are a relatively common cause of presentation to the emergency department. Most anxiety disorders can be conceptualized as fear- or phobia-based disorders, including panic disorder, specific phobia, social phobia, acute stress disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Each of these disorders is discussed, including prevalence and common clinical presentations. The initial evaluation of patients with a suspected or diagnosed anxiety disorder will be based on their current symptoms. Some patients may be highly agitated and may require deescalation or sedation to perform a reasonable history and physical examination. To achieve this, providers should ensure their own safety first, with attention to the physical layout of the emergency department, ensuring that they are closer to the room exit than the patient (so that they cannot be trapped). The presence of police or security may be necessary to provide optimal care and an appropriate evaluation. Typical treatment of acute exacerbations of anxiety disorders includes medical management, most often benzodiazepines, which can provide immediate relief. Psychiatric consultation may be necessary in certain cases. For most patients, outpatient management rather than inpatient admission will lead to the most effective management of their anxiety.   Key words: anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, phobia, stress disorder This review contains 1 highly rendered figure, 17 tables, and 29 references.

scholarly journals Anxiety Disorders

Psychology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeannette M. Reid ◽  
Dean McKay
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Generalized Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder

Recent epidemiological research has shown that anxiety disorders, collectively, are the most common set of psychiatric disorders. Lifetime prevalence estimates suggest that nearly 30 percent of the population will experience an anxiety disorder at some point in their life (Kessler, et al. 2005, cited under Phobias). Bolstering the concern, anxiety disorders (as a group) tend to be associated with a host of cognitive impairments (e.g., perseveration, visual memory deficits), diminished quality of life (e.g., in areas of work and social functioning), and both psychiatric and medical comorbidities. Anxiety disorders may be roughly classed into two groups: (1) those characterized primarily by acute fear (e.g., phobias) and (2) those associated with lower level, but chronic, anxiety and apprehension (with the clearest example being generalized anxiety disorder). Cognitive and behavioral explanations of anxiety predominate, with related treatments showing most consistent research support among psychosocial interventions. (While standard pharmacological practices are mentioned wherever relevant, a more in-depth discussion of pharmacological interventions for anxiety disorders is outside the scope of this chapter.) In general, the etiology of anxiety disorders is likely best understood through the lens of the diathesis-stress model—such that individuals have a genetic predisposition/vulnerability and situational factors mediate symptomatology. (Certainly, a sudden expression of symptoms following brain damage would be an exception. However, as these presentations—albeit fascinating—are in the minority, a related discussion will be beyond the scope of this bibliography.) Within this article, the following anxiety disorders will be discussed in detail: phobias, panic with and without agoraphobia, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Factors of current interest in the field will be attended to specifically—for instance, comorbidity in obsessive-compulsive disorder and differential risk in posttraumatic stress disorder. Throughout the discussion, pertinent works will be delineated and summarized.

Sex Differences in Anxiety Disorders

2019 ◽  
pp. 404-432
Author(s):  
Teresa A. Piggott ◽  
Alexandra N. Duran ◽  
Isha Jalnapurkar ◽  
Tyler Kimm ◽  
Stephanie Linscheid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Considerable Research ◽  
Psychosocial Influences ◽  
Psychiatric Conditions ◽  
The Impact

Women are more likely than men to meet lifetime criteria for an anxiety disorder. Moreover, anxiety is a risk factor for the development of other psychiatric conditions, including major depression. Numerous studies have identified evidence of sex differences in anxiety disorders, and there is considerable research concerning factors that may contribute to vulnerability for anxiety in females. In addition to psychosocial influences, biological components such as the female reproductive hormone cycle have also been implicated. Although psychotropic medication is more likely to be prescribed to women, there is little controlled data available concerning sex differences in the efficacy and/or tolerability of pharmacotherapy in anxiety disorders. This chapter provides an overview of the impact of gender in the epidemiology, phenomenology, course, and treatment response in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder (SAD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), panic disorder (PD), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Japanese Psychology Students as Psychiatric Diagnosticians: Application of Criteria of Mood and Anxiety Disorders to Written Case Vignettes Using the RDC and DSM-IV

1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 771-781 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Sugiura ◽  
C. Hasui ◽  
Y. Aoki ◽  
M. Sugawara ◽  
E. Tanaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Generalized Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Mental Health Professionals ◽  
Psychology Students ◽  
Case Vignette ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Cultural Variation ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder

It is commonly believed in Japan that only psychiatrists are capable of providing reliable psychiatric diagnosis. The present study, therefore, examined using a case vignette design, how well Japanese psychology students agreed with a psychiatrist on the diagnoses of mood disorders (major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder) and anxiety disorders (panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, phobic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder). The results suggest that appropriately trained Japanese psychology students can apply reliably the diagnostic criteria for these disorders, except for generalized anxiety disorder. It appeared that the students did not identify symptoms of restlessness and nervous tension, which may explain the relatively low reliability of the diagnosis for generalized anxiety disorder. The cross-cultural variation in the experience of anxiety is suggested as an explanation. The present study argues that it is feasible that Japanese nonmedical mental health professionals become familiar with the psychiatric diagnoses.

Combination Pharmacotherapy and Psychotherapy for the Treatment of Major Depressive and Anxiety Disorders

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cindy J. Aaronson ◽  
Gary Katzman ◽  
Rachel L. Moster
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder

Clinical wisdom and intuition suggest that when treating major depression and/or anxiety disorders, combining two documented efficacious treatments such as antidepressants and psychotherapy would improve outcome. However, the data do not completely support this conclusion. This chapter reviews randomized clinical trials comparing combined pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy with monotherapy for the treatment of major depressive disorder, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and social anxiety disorder in adults. Although DSM-V no longer categorizes posttraumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder as anxiety disorders, the authors continue to include them in this chapter.

Unwanted Mental Intrusions in Clinical Disorders: An Introduction

2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Generalized Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Clinical Disorders

This series of articles discusses the nature, persistence, and treatment of unwanted, distressing intrusive thoughts, images and impulses in depression, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, primary insomnia, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Each of the contributors considers various misinterpretations of an unwanted intrusion and futile efforts to intentionally suppress these thoughts as critical processes involved in the escalation and salience of these cognitive phenomena. Specific treatment recommendations are proposed for dealing with repetitive, unwanted distressing thoughts in each of the clinical disorders.

scholarly journals Sleep and anxiety disorders

2003 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-258 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Generalized Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Response To Stress

Sleep disturbances-particularly insomnia - are highly prevalent in anxiety disorders and complaints such as insomnia or nightmares have even been incorporated in some anxiety disorder definitions, such as generalized anxiety disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. In the first part of this review, the relationship between sleep and anxiety is discussed in terms of adaptive response to stress. Recent studies suggested that the corticotropin-releasing hormone system and the locus ceruleus-autonomic nervous system may play major roles in the arousal response to stress. It has been suggested that these systems may be particularly vulnerable to prolonged or repeated stress, further leading to a dysfunctional arousal state and pathological anxiety states, Polysomnographic studies documented limited alteration of sleep in anxiety disorders. There is some indication for alteration in sleep maintenance in generalized anxiety disorder and for both sleep initiation and maintenance in panic disorder; no clear picture emerges for obsessive-compulsive disorder or posttraumatic stress disorder. Finally, an unequivocal sleep architecture profile that could specifically relate to a particular anxiety disorder could not be evidenced; in contrast, conflicting results are often found for the same disorder. Discrepancies between studies could have been related to illness severity, diagnostic comorbidity, and duration of illness. A brief treatment approach for each anxiety disorder is also suggested with a special focus on sleep.

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