Anti-Anxiety Medicines and Hypnotics

2020 ◽  
pp. 85-120
Author(s):  
Arash Ansari ◽  
David N. Osser
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Food And Drug Administration ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Black Box ◽  
Abuse Potential ◽  
Brand Names ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Black Box Warnings

The chapter on anti-anxiety medicines and hypnotics discusses and reviews the use of benzodiazepines and barbiturates, medicines without abuse potential used for the treatments of anxiety (such as buspirone, propranolol, clonidine, prazosin, hydroxyzine, pregabalin, gabapentin, and quetiapine), as well as newer hypnotics including “z-drugs” considered for insomnia and sleep. It reviews their mechanisms of action, clinical characteristics, potential medication interactions, adverse effects, as well as their risks of dependence and misuse. It also briefly discusses complementary and alternative pharmacotherapies such as melatonin and cannabidiol. The chapter includes an in-depth discussion of the clinical use of these medications for anxiety and insomnia. It also discusses the use of anxiolytics in women of childbearing age, notably for pregnancy and breastfeeding considerations. Finally, the chapter includes a table of commonly used anti-anxiety medicines and hypnotics that includes each medicine’s generic and brand names, usual adult doses, pertinent clinical comments, black box warnings and Food and Drug Administration indications.

Stimulants and Other ADHD Medicines

2020 ◽  
pp. 231-266
Author(s):  
Arash Ansari ◽  
David N. Osser
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Black Box ◽  
Brand Names ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Medical Disorders ◽  
Black Box Warnings

The chapter on adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medicines discusses and reviews the use of psychostimulants (such as methylphenidate and amphetamines), and nonstimulants (such as atomoxetine, guanfacine, and clonidine). It reviews their mechanisms of action, clinical characteristics, potential medication interactions, and adverse effects. It further reviews stimulants’ risk of misuse and dependence. The chapter also briefly discusses complementary and alternative pharmacotherapies. It includes an in-depth review of the clinical use of these medications for ADHD (particularly in college students) and for other psychiatric disorders (such as binge-eating disorder) and other medical disorders. It also discusses the use of ADHD medicines in women of childbearing age, notably for pregnancy and breastfeeding considerations. Finally, the chapter includes a table of ADHD medicines that includes each medicine’s generic and brand names, usual adult doses, pertinent clinical comments, black box warnings, and Food and Drug Administration indications.

Mood Stabilizers

2020 ◽  
pp. 185-230
Author(s):  
Arash Ansari ◽  
David N. Osser
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Bipolar Depression ◽  
Black Box ◽  
Brand Names ◽  
Mood Stabilizers ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Second Generation Antipsychotics ◽  
Black Box Warnings

The chapter on mood stabilizers discusses and reviews the use of available treatments for bipolar disorder, including lithium, selected anticonvulsants (such as valproate, carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, and lamotrigine) and second-generation antipsychotics. It reviews each medication’s mechanism of action, clinical characteristics, potential medication interactions, and adverse effects. The chapter also reviews emerging pharmacotherapies such as the use of ketamine. It also briefly discusses complementary and alternative pharmacotherapies and the use of omega-3 fatty acids. The chapter includes an in-depth review of the clinical use of the previously listed medications for bipolar depression, mania, mixed episodes, and bipolar maintenance. It also reviews the risks of using antidepressants for bipolar depression. It also discusses the use of mood stabilizers in women of childbearing age, notably for pregnancy and breastfeeding considerations. Finally, the chapter includes a table of mood stabilizers that includes each medication’s generic and brand names, usual adult doses, pertinent clinical comments, black box warnings and Food and Drug Administration indications.

Antipsychotics

2020 ◽  
pp. 121-184
Author(s):  
Arash Ansari ◽  
David N. Osser
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Black Box ◽  
Brand Names ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Medical Disorders ◽  
Second Generation Antipsychotics ◽  
Black Box Warnings ◽  
Potential Risks

The chapter on antipsychotics discusses and reviews the use of first-generation antipsychotics, including haloperidol and chlorpromazine, as well as the use of second-generation antipsychotics, including risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, ziprasidone, aripiprazole, clozapine, paliperidone, iloperidone, asenapine, lurasidone, brexpiprazole, and cariprazine. Pimavanserin is also discussed. The chapter reviews each medication’s mechanism of action, clinical characteristics, potential medication interactions, and potential risks including neuroleptic side effects such as acute dystonias, parkinsonian symptoms, akathisia, and tardive dyskinesia. Metabolic syndrome (which includes risks of weight gain, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemias) and cardiac risks are also discussed. The chapter also briefly discusses complementary and alternative pharmacotherapies. It then provides an in-depth review of the clinical use of antipsychotics for psychotic and behavioral disorders, as well as for other nonpsychotic psychiatric and medical disorders. It also discusses the use of antipsychotics in women of childbearing age, notably in regard to pregnancy and breastfeeding considerations. Finally, the chapter includes a table of antipsychotics that includes each medication’s generic and brand names, usual adult doses, pertinent clinical comments, black box warnings, and Food and Drug Administration indications.

Antidepressants

2020 ◽  
pp. 15-84
Author(s):  
Arash Ansari ◽  
David N. Osser
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors ◽  
Unipolar Depression ◽  
Black Box ◽  
Brand Names ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Medical Disorders ◽  
Black Box Warnings ◽  
Norepinephrine Reuptake

The chapter on antidepressants discusses and reviews the use of tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, as well as bupropion, mirtazapine, nefazodone, trazodone, and the newer antidepressants vilazodone and vortioxetine. It reviews each medication’s mechanism of action, clinical characteristics, potential medication interactions, adverse effects, and other risks. The chapter also reviews emerging pharmacotherapies such as ketamine, esketamine, and brexanolone. It also briefly discusses complementary and alternative pharmacotherapies. The chapter includes an in-depth discussion of the clinical use of antidepressants for the treatment of unipolar depression and other psychiatric and medical disorders. It also discusses the use of antidepressants in women of childbearing age, notably in regards to pregnancy and breastfeeding considerations. Finally, each chapter includes a table of antidepressants that includes each medication’s generic and brand names, usual adult doses, pertinent clinical comments, black box warnings, and FDA indications.

Treatments for Substance Use Disorders

2020 ◽  
pp. 267-324
Author(s):  
Arash Ansari ◽  
David N. Osser
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Black Box ◽  
Brand Names ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Black Box Warnings ◽  
Amphetamine Use ◽  
Opioid Use Disorders

The chapter on treatments for substance use disorders discusses and reviews the use of medication-assisted treatments with (a) methadone, buprenorphine/naloxone, and naltrexone for opioid use disorders; (b) disulfiram, acamprosate, naltrexone, and several off-label medications for alcohol use disorders; and (c) nicotine replacement therapies, bupropion, and varenicline for tobacco use disorders. The chapter reviews the mechanisms of action, clinical characteristics, potential medication interactions, and adverse effects of these medications, followed by an in-depth discussion of their clinical use in these disorders. The chapter also briefly reviews several non-Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved medicines studied for cocaine, cannabis, and amphetamine use disorders. It also briefly discusses complementary and alternative pharmacotherapies, such as the use of cannabinoids. It also discusses the use of these medicines in women of childbearing age, notably for pregnancy and breastfeeding considerations. Finally, the chapter includes a table of approved substance use disorder medicines that includes each medicine’s generic and brand names, usual adult doses, pertinent clinical comments, black box warnings, and FDA indications.

US Food and Drug Administration Black Box Warnings

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Food And Drug Administration ◽  
Black Box ◽  
Ethical Obligation ◽  
Drug Products ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
Drug Adverse Effects ◽  
Black Box Warnings ◽  
Selection Of

Podiatric Physicians have an ethical obligation to prescribe responsibly and cautiously to diminish and minimize the growth of drug adverse effects. Clinicians who prescribe, dispense, and administer medications must be vigilant in continually reviewing new Black Box Warnings for medications they use for their patients. The safe and appropriate selection of medications and prescribing strategies are presented. First, the concept and process for these FDA black box warnings are introduced. Then, to enrich the podiatric physician's body of knowledge, several FDA boxed warnings from 27 selected drug products that may be prescribed by podiatric physicians are presented graphically as a table. Finally, strategies for safe prescribing of these drugs with boxed warnings are presented.

Psychopharmacology

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arash Ansari ◽  
David Osser
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care Physicians ◽  
Brand Names ◽  
Mood Stabilizers ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Clinical Nurse Specialists ◽  
Therapeutic Uses ◽  
Emerging Therapies ◽  
Black Box Warnings ◽  
Short And Long Term

Psychopharmacology: A Concise Overview, 3rd Edition discusses and reviews currently available psychiatric medications and their evidence-supported use in current clinical practice. It discusses the therapeutic uses of antidepressants, anti-anxiety medications, antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, stimulants, and other medications for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), as well as medicines for substance use disorders. It reviews the medications’ mechanisms of action, therapeutic effects, potential drug–drug interactions and short- and long-term adverse effects and risks. It includes sections on complementary and alternative pharmacotherapies as well as on emerging therapies. Every chapter includes an in-depth discussion of the clinical use of the reviewed classes of medications as they are used for the alleviation of their target psychiatric disorders, such as depression, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, ADHD, and opioid, alcohol, and tobacco use disorders. Treatment challenges and controversies are reviewed. In addition, each chapter discusses the use of these medications in other psychiatric and medical conditions as well. Each chapter also discusses the use of these medications in women of childbearing age, especially in light of pregnancy and breastfeeding considerations. Finally, each chapter includes a table that provides each reviewed medicine’s generic and brand names, usual adult doses, pertinent clinical comments, black box warnings, and Food and Drug Administration indications. This book provides a concise and accessible overview that would be helpful to medical students, psychiatric residents, psychiatrists, primary care physicians, clinical nurse specialists, and nonmedical mental health practitioners.

scholarly journals Association of Fluoroquinolone Prescribing Rates With Black Box Warnings from the US Food and Drug Administration

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (12) ◽  
pp. e2136662
Author(s):  
Ashwini Sankar ◽  
Kristi M. Swanson ◽  
Jiani Zhou ◽  
Anupam Bapu Jena ◽  
Joseph S. Ross ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Administration ◽  
Food And Drug Administration ◽  
Black Box ◽  
The Us ◽  
Black Box Warnings

The Influence of FDA Advisory Information and Black Box Warnings on Consumer Use of Prescription Antidepressants

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristy Parkinson ◽  
Joseph Price ◽  
Kosali Ilayperuma Simon ◽  
Sharon L. Tennyson
Keyword(s):  
Black Box ◽  
Black Box Warnings

scholarly journals 2020 FDA TIDES (Peptides and Oligonucleotides) Harvest

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 145
Author(s):  
Othman Al Musaimi ◽  
Danah Al Shaer ◽  
Fernando Albericio ◽  
Beatriz de la Torre
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Food And Drug Administration ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
New Drug ◽  
Target Mode ◽  
The Us

2020 has been an extremely difficult and challenging year as a result of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and one in which most efforts have been channeled into tackling the global health crisis. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved 53 new drug entities, six of which fall in the peptides and oligonucleotides (TIDES) category. The number of authorizations for these kinds of drugs has been similar to that of previous years, thereby reflecting the consolidation of the TIDES market. Here, the TIDES approved in 2020 are analyzed in terms of chemical structure, medical target, mode of action, and adverse effects.

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