Sleep disorders

2017 ◽  
pp. 1041-1048
Author(s):  
Yohannes Endeshaw ◽  
Donald L. Bliwise
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Sleep Disorders ◽  
Sleep Apnoea ◽  
Healthy Older Adults ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Periodic Leg Movement ◽  
Work Up ◽  
Age Related Changes

The chapter describes age-related changes in sleep and sleep disorders that are commonly encountered among older adults. In general, the sleep quality of older adults is described as lighter (increase in stage N1 and N2 non-rapid eye movement sleep) and associated with more frequent arousals. Despite these age-related changes, healthy older adults do not report sleep-related problems. Previous studies have indicated that sleep-related complaints among older adults are associated with medical, neurological, and psychiatric diseases. Older adults with primary sleep disorders such as insomnia, obstructive sleep apnoea and hypopnea, restless legs syndrome, and periodic leg movement disorder also report sleep-related complaints. These findings imply that sleep-related complaints among older adults are not due to normal age-related changes, but are associated with potentially treatable conditions. Hence, appropriate work-up for and treatment of these underlying disorders is indicated for successful management of sleep-related complaints among older adults.

scholarly journals Modafinil in the treatment of selected sleep disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-218
Author(s):  
Wacław Dyrda ◽  
Daria Smułek ◽  
Adam Wichniak ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Sleep Disorders ◽  
Sleep Disorder ◽  
Shift Work ◽  
Obstructive Sleep Apnoea ◽  
Sleep Apnoea ◽  
Shift Work Sleep Disorder ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Idiopathic Hypersomnia

Until 2010, modafinil, which is a wakefulness promoting agent, was approved in Europe for a wider spectrum of indications, such as narcolepsy, idiopathic hypersomnia, obstructive sleep apnoea and shift work sleep disorder. Currently, it is registered by the European Medicines Agency only for the treatment of narcolepsy, and is used as an off-label therapy in other sleep disorders. This paper presents the efficacy of modafinil in selected sleep disorders. Modafinil remains first-choice treatment for narcolepsy. It reduces the frequency of bouts of inadvertent sleep and nap episodes, the duration and intensity of daytime hypersomnolence, and also significantly improves the quality of life of patients. However, it is associated with only a slight improvement in cataplexy and other symptoms. In idiopathic hypersomnia, modafinil reduces the frequency of naps and unintentional sleep episodes, as well as subjective sleepiness measured with the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Furthermore, the drug is used to treat hypersomnia from obstructive sleep apnoea in the case of lack of improvement despite optimal positive airway pressure therapy. Modafinil is also approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of shift work sleep disorder. The drug has been shown to reduce the level of somnolence, but it has not been found to reduce unintentional sleep episodes, reported mistakes or accidents at work. Given the strong negative impact of hypersomnolence on performance at work and school, the risk of accidents and the quality of life, the risk-benefit assessment of modafinil often justifies its use in the treatment of hypersomnolence also outside the approved indications.

Age-related changes of hyoid bone position in healthy older adults with aspiration

2013 ◽  
Vol 124 (6) ◽  
pp. E231-E236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Feng ◽  
Tee Todd ◽  
Yunping Hu ◽  
Catherine R. Lintzenich ◽  
J. Jeffrey Carr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Hyoid Bone ◽  
Healthy Older Adults ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Age Related Changes

scholarly journals Age-related Changes in Memory for Object and Position-In-Context

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tammy Tran ◽  
Kaitlyn E. Tobin ◽  
Sophia H. Block ◽  
Vyash Puliyadi ◽  
Michela Gallagher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Spatial Context ◽  
Complex Environments ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Healthy Older Adults ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Age Related Changes

AbstractThere has been considerable focus on investigating age-related memory changes in cognitively healthy older adults, in the absence of neurodegenerative disorders. Previous studies have reported age-related domain-specific changes in older adults, showing increased difficulty encoding and processing object information but minimal to no impairment in processing spatial information compared to younger adults.However, few of these studies have examined age-related changes in the encoding of concurrently presented object and spatial stimuli, specifically the integration of both spatial and non-spatial (object) information. To more closely resemble real-life memory encoding and the integration of both spatial and non-spatial information, the current study developed a new experimental paradigm with novel environments that allowed for the placement of different objects in different positions within the environment. The current findings show that older adults have decreased performance in recognizing changes of the object position within the spatial context but no significant differences in recognizing changes in the identity of the object within the spatial context compared to younger adults. These findings suggest there may be potential age-related differences in the mechanisms underlying the representations of complex environments and furthermore, the integration of spatial and non-spatial information may be differentially processed relative to independent and isolated representations of object and spatial information.

Is Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Related to Neuropsychological Function in Healthy Older Adults? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan Cross ◽  
Amit Lampit ◽  
Jonathon Pye ◽  
Ronald R. Grunstein ◽  
Nathaniel Marshall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Obstructive Sleep Apnoea ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Sleep Apnoea ◽  
Neuropsychological Function ◽  
Healthy Older Adults ◽  
Obstructive Sleep

Sleep Through the Ages: Adults and Older Adults

2021 ◽  
pp. 49-64
Author(s):  
Joseph M. Dzierzewski ◽  
Tarah Raldiris ◽  
Scott Ravyts
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Sleep Disorders ◽  
Middle Age ◽  
Late Life ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Older Adulthood ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Rhythm Disorder ◽  
Age Related Changes

Sleep is essential for optimal physical and mental health, particularly in late-life. Thus, knowledge regarding age-related changes in sleep are of particular importance. This chapter begins by synthesizing existing research regarding the normative changes in sleep architecture, timing, and duration which occur from middle age to late-life. These normative changes are characterized by less N3 sleep, earlier bed and wake times, and shorter overall nocturnal sleep duration. The chapter concludes by providing an overview of common sleep disorders in older adulthood, including circadian rhythm disorder, sleep disordered breathing, and insomnia. These sleep disorders become more prevalent with age and are frequently associated with declines in functioning. Overall, though changes in sleep in late-life are common, they tend to occur gradually, with a significant portion of older adults able to maintain adequate sleep as they age.

Sleep apnoea in the elderly: a great challenge for the future

2021 ◽  
pp. 2101649
Author(s):  
Ricardo S. Osorio ◽  
Miguel Ángel Martínez-García ◽  
David M. Rapoport
Keyword(s):  
The Elderly ◽  
Sleep Apnoea ◽  
Obesity Epidemic ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Excessive Daytime Somnolence ◽  
Associated Conditions ◽  
Central Apnoea ◽  
The Common

Due in part to overall improvements in health, the population of elderly individuals is increasing rapidly. Similarly, obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is both gaining increased recognition and also increasing due to the worldwide obesity epidemic. The overlap of OSA and aging is large, but there is strong plausibility for causation in both directions: OSA is associated with pathological processes that may accelerate aging and aging related processes; aging may cause physical and neurological changes that predispose to obstructive (and central) apnoea. In addition, the common symptoms (e.g. excessive daytime somnolence, defects in memory and cognition), possible physiological consequences of OSA (e.g. accelerated cardiovascular and cerebrovascular atherosclerosis), and changes in metabolic and inflammatory markers overlap with the symptoms and associated conditions seen in aging. There is also the possibility of synergy in the effects of these symptoms and conditions on quality of life, as well as a need to separate treatable consequences of OSA from age-related complaints. Taken together, the above make it essential to review the interaction of OSA and aging, both proven and suspected. The present review examines some aspects of what is known and points to the need for further investigation of the relationships, given the large number of potentially affected subjects.

scholarly journals Activity Engagement and Cognitive Performance Amongst Older Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandria N. Weaver ◽  
Susanne M. Jaeggi
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Cognitive Reserve ◽  
Mental Functioning ◽  
Activity Engagement ◽  
Healthy Older Adults ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Cognitive Activities ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Age Related Changes

Research supporting cognitive reserve theory suggests that engaging in a variety of cognitive, social, and physical activities may serve as protective factors against age-related changes in mental functioning, especially if the activities are cognitively engaging. Individuals who participate in a variety of cognitive activities have been found to be more likely to maintain a higher level of cognitive functioning and be less likely to develop dementia. In this study, we explore the relationship between engaging in a variety of activities and cognitive performance amongst 206 healthy older adults between the ages of 65–85. Age and years of education were found to be the most significant predictors of a global composite representing cognitive performance, consistent with previous work linking these variables to age-related changes in cognition and the cognitive reserve. We interpret these results to suggest that age and education are better predictors of global cognitive performance in older adults than self-reported activity engagement.

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