Gynaecology

2016 ◽  
pp. 240-311
Author(s):  
Andrew Baldwin ◽  
Nina Hjelde ◽  
Charlotte Goumalatsou ◽  
Gil Myers
Keyword(s):  
Recurrent Miscarriage ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Cervical Screening ◽  
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease ◽  
Hormonal Contraceptives ◽  
Contraceptive Device ◽  
Polycystic Ovaries ◽  
Genital Mutilation ◽  
Male Subfertility ◽  
Intrauterine Contraceptive

This chapter explores gynaecology. It includes history and examination, sexual health and dysfunction, gynaecological anatomy, genital abnormalities, female genital mutilation, normal menstruation, defining menstrual abnormalities, amenorrhoea, polycystic ovaries, menorrhagia, premenstrual syndrome, the menopause and hormone replacement therapy (HRT), termination of pregnancy, miscarriage, recurrent miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, pregnancy of unknown location, gestational trophoblastic disease, the vulva, vulval lumps and ulcers, the cervix and cervical screening, management of CIN, cervical cancer, the uterus, vaginal cancer, fibroids in pregnancy, endometrial cancer, endometrial sampling, benign ovarian cysts, ovarian cancer, vaginal discharge, pelvic inflammatory disease, endometriosis, prolapse, subfertility (causes, tests, treatment), male subfertility, contraception, the ideal contraceptive, intrauterine contraceptive device and system, emergency contraception, combined hormonal contraceptives, progestogen-only contraceptives, sterilization, urinary incontinence, gynaecological surgery, pelvic pain, dyspareunia, and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome.

Gynaecology

2020 ◽  
pp. 104-177
Author(s):  
Charlotte Goumalatsou
Keyword(s):  
Premenstrual Syndrome ◽  
Female Genital Mutilation ◽  
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome ◽  
Vaginal Discharge ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Cervical Screening ◽  
Uterine Leiomyomata ◽  
Genital Mutilation ◽  
Benign Ovarian Tumours ◽  
Ovarian Syndrome

This chapter in the Oxford Handbook of Clinical Specialties describes the gynaecology specialty, including history and examination, sexual health and dysfunction, gynaecological anatomy, genital abnormalities, and female genital mutilation. It also explores menstruation, polycystic ovarian syndrome, menorrhagia, premenstrual syndrome, menopause, and HRT (hormone replacement therapy). It discusses pregnancy, including termination, miscarriage, and ectopic pregnancy. It investigates the vulva, vaginal discharge, PID (pelvic inflammatory disease), the uterus, pelvic pain, dyspareunia, fibroids (uterine leiomyomata), and endometriosis. It explores subfertility and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. It describes contraception and sterilization, as well as incontinence and prolapse. It investigates vulval lumps, ulcers, carcinoma, and cervical screening. It describes cancer, including vaginal, ovarian, and endometrial, as well as benign ovarian tumours and gynaecological surgery.

Rectovaginal Fistula Due to Missing Intra Uterine Contraceptive Device

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-66
Author(s):  
Alexander Bambala Kawimbe
Keyword(s):  
Rectovaginal Fistula ◽  
Psychological Symptoms ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Obstetric Care ◽  
Contraceptive Device ◽  
Poor Access ◽  
Healthy Female ◽  
Intrauterine Contraceptive ◽  
Affected Woman ◽  
Rare Situation

Rectovaginal fistula is an abnormal communication between the rectum and the vaginal. This leads to uncontrollable passage of feces and flatus through the vagina. It therefore causes distressing physical, social and psychological symptoms on the affected woman. The commonest cause of Rectovaginal Fistula is obstetric trauma commonly in developing countries with poor access to Obstetric care or substandard care provision. The case reported here highlights a rare situation in which a birth control measure of Intrauterine Contraceptive Device (IUD) in a 36 years old healthy female leads to a high Rectovaginal fistula.Keywords: fecal incontinence, missing IUD, rectovaginal fistula

scholarly journals Impact of immediate postpartum insertion of TCu380A on the quantity and duration of lochia discharges in Tanzania

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Projestine Selestine Muganyizi ◽  
Grasiana Festus Kimario ◽  
France John Rwegoshora ◽  
Ponsian Patrick Paul ◽  
Anita Makins
Keyword(s):  
Service Providers ◽  
International Federation ◽  
Teaching Hospitals ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Contraceptive Device ◽  
Postpartum Contraception ◽  
Gynecology And Obstetrics ◽  
Intrauterine Contraceptive ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Background The insertion of Intrauterine Contraceptive Device (PPIUD) for the purpose of contraception immediately after delivery is becoming popular in countries where the use of IUD for contraception has been extremely low. Since 2015, Tanzania implemented the initiative by the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) to institutionalize PPIUD. As a result of capacity building and information delivery under the initiative, there have been increased uptake of the method. Working in this context, the focus of the study was to generate evidence on the effect of TCu380A IUD on amount and duration of lochia and equip service providers with evidence-based knowledge which can help them in counselling their PPIUD clients. Objective Establish impact of postpartum TCu380A on amount and duration of lochia. Methods A prospective cohort study of delivered women in two teaching hospitals in Tanzania with immediate insertion of TCu380A or without use of postpartum contraception in 2018. TCu380A models; Optima (Injeflex Co. Brazil) and Pregna (Pregna International, Chakan, India) were used. Follow-up was done by weekly calls and examination at 6th week. Lochia was estimated by Likert Scale 0–4 relative to the amount of lochia on the delivery day. An estimated 250 women sample (125 each group) would give 80% power to detect a desired 20% difference in the proportion of women with prolonged lochia discharges among the Exposed and Unexposed groups. Data analysis was by SPSS. Results Two hundred sixty women were analysed, 127 Exposed and 133 Unexposed. Medical complaints were reported by 41 (28.9%) Exposed and 37 Unexposed (27.8%), p = 0.655. Lack of dryness by end of 6th week was to 31 (23.3%) Exposed and 9 (7.1%) Unexposed, p < 0.001. Exposed had higher weekly mean lochia scores throughout with the difference most marked in 5th week (3.556 Versus 2.039, p < 0.001) and 6th week (1.44 Versus 0.449, p<0.001). Conclusion PPIUD is associated with increased amount of lochia and slows progression to dryness within 6 weeks of delivery. The implications of PPIUD clients’ needs to be informed about the possibility of delayed dryness of lochia at time of counseling are discussed.

scholarly journals Exogenous female sex steroid hormones and risk of asthma and asthma-like symptoms: a cross sectional study of the general population

Thorax ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 56 (8) ◽  
pp. 613-616
Author(s):  
P Lange ◽  
J Parner ◽  
E Prescott ◽  
C Suppli Ulrik ◽  
J Vestbo
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Asthma Medication ◽  
Hormonal Contraceptives ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Heart Study ◽  
Prescription Practice

BACKGROUNDRecent evidence suggests a role for hormonal factors in the aetiology of asthma.METHODSData from a large study of women selected from the general population were used to relate treatment with oral hormonal contraceptives (OCP) and postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to the following asthma indicators: self-reported asthma, wheezing, cough at exertion, and use of medication for asthma. The study sample comprised 1536 premenopausal and 3016 postmenopausal women who participated in the third round of the Copenhagen City Heart Study in 1991–4. A total of 377 women were taking OCP (24.5% of premenopausal women) and 458 were on HRT (15.2% of postmenopausal women).RESULTSIn premenopausal women 4.8% reported having asthma. The prevalence of self-reported asthma, wheeze, use of asthma medication, and cough at exertion was not significantly related to use of OCP. In postmenopausal women the prevalence of self-reported asthma was 6.2%. A weak but consistent association was observed between HRT and self-reported asthma (OR 1.42 (95% CI 0.95 to 2.12)), wheeze (OR 1.29 (95% CI 1.02 to 1.64)), cough at exertion (OR 1.34 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.77)), and use of asthma medication (OR 1.45 (95% CI 0.97 to 2.18)).CONCLUSIONSIn this study of the general population no relationship was found between the use of OCP and asthma. Although an association was observed between HRT and asthma and asthma-like symptoms, this was relatively weak and it is concluded that there is no necessity to change present prescription practice.

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