Orthopaedics

This chapter explores orthopaedics. It outlines terminology in orthopaedics, principles of history and examinations (necks, shoulders, elbows, wrist and hand, back), kyphosis and scoliosis, causes of back pain, management of low back pain, specific and/or sinister pain, examining hips and describing gait, painful hips and limping in children, developmental dysplasia, examining knees, pain in the knee, knees that swell, feet, osteomyelitis, bone tumours, congenital disorders of bone and cartilage, osteochondroses, joint replacement, joint aspiration, joint injections, tendons, and soft tissue and sports injury.

Dermatology

This chapter explores dermatology. It includes history and examination, creams and ointments, describing a lesion, patterns of skin disease, itch, skin signs in systemic disease, common skin cancers, malignant melanoma, moles, psoriasis, eczema (dermatitis), skin infections (fungi, bacteria, viruses), acne vulgaris, rosacea, drug eruptions, specific skin disorders (pemphigus and pemphigoid, strawberry naevus, pyogenic granuloma, lichen planus, pityriasis rosea, alopecia, photosensitivity, urticaria), venous ulcers, pressure sores, skin disorders and HIV, infestations, and psychodermatoses.

Paediatrics

This chapter discusses paediatrics. It includes history and examination, common infant symptoms, neonatal life support (NLS), the neonatal intensive care unit (nicu), ventilatory support for neonates, examination of the neonate, neonatal jaundice, rhesus haemolytic disease, respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and other neonatal problems, minor neonatal problems, enteral and parenteral nutrition, breastfeeding and bottle feeding, preterm and small-for-dates babies, genitourinary diseases, disorders of sex development, congenital heart disease, murmurs and heart sounds in children, orofacial clefts (cleft lip and palate), neural tube defects (NTDS), measles, rubella, mumps, and erythroviruses, varicella (herpes) zoster virus (VZV), vertical HIV infection, non-accidental injury, sudden unexplained infant death (SUID/SIDS), screening and child health promotion, genetic disease and prevention, genetic counselling, childhood obesity, hypertension in children, upper and lower respiratory infection, cystic fibrosis, asthma in children, infective endocarditis (IE), rheumatic fever, diarrhoea, malnutrition, abdominal pain, abdominal distension, coeliac disease, urinary tract infection (UTI), renal failure and disease, acute glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome, failure to thrive, growth charts, endocrine and metabolic diseases, precocious puberty, diabetes mellitus (DM), diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), poisoning (iron, salicylate, paracetamol), acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), anaemia, primary antibody deficiencies, raised intercranial pressure, migraine, encephalitis, meningitis, epilepsy and febrile convulsions, behavioural problems, delays in talking and walking, impairment and disability, developmental screening tests, paediatric reference intervals and charts.

Pre-hospital care

This chapter explores pre-hospital care, including the importance of public health, activation of the emergency services, helicopter transport, assessment on arrival to scene, hazards to consider, chemical agents, triage, the trapped patient, pre-hospital analgesia and major incidents.

Eponymous syndromes

This chapter discusses eponymous syndromes, including Alport’s syndrome, Asperger’s syndrome, Bardet-Biedl syndrome, Batten disease, Backer’s muscular dystrophy, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, Bourneville’s disease, Briquet’s syndrome, Bruton agammaglobulinaemia, Buchanan’s syndrome, Capgras syndrome, Castleman’s disease, Chediak-Higashi syndrome, Condari-Hünermann syndrome, Cornelia de Lange syndrome, Corrigan’s syndrome, Cotard’s syndrome, Crigler-Najjar syndrome, Dandy-Walker syndrome, De Clerambault’s syndrome, Diamond-Blackfan anaemia, DiGeorge’s syndrome, Di Guglielmo’s disease, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Ebstein’s anomaly, Edwards syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Eisenmenger syndrome, Erb’s palsy, Fallot’s tetrad, Fanconi anaemia, Galeazzi fracture, Ganser symptom, Gaucher disease, Hand-Schüller-Christian syndrome, Hartnup’s disease, Hunter syndrome, Huntington’s disease, Hunt’s syndrome, Hurler syndrome, Hutchinson’s triad, Ivemark syndrome, Kartagener syndrome, Kawasaki disease, Klinefelter syndrome, Kugelberg-Welander, Klippel-Feil syndrome, Landouzy-Dejerine muscular dystrophy, Laurence-Moon syndrome, Leber’s herediary optic atrophy, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, Lewy body dementia, Li-Fraumeni synfrome, Martin-Bell (fragile x) syndrome, McCune-Albright syndrome, Monteggia fracture, Morquio’s syndrome, Niemann-Pick disease, Noonan syndrome, Ondine’s curse, Othello syndrome, Patau’s syndrome, Pick’s dementia, Pierre Robin syndrome, Pompe disease, Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), Ramsay Hunt syndrome, Rett stndrome, Reye’s syndrome, Russell Silver syndrome, Shakhonovich’s syndrome, Still’s disease, Sydenham’s chorea, Syme’s amputation, Tay-Sachs disease, Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, Treacher Collins syndrome, Turner’s syndrome, Ulysses syndrome, Van Gierke’s syndrome, Werner syndrome, and Wiskott-Aldrick syndrome.

Anaesthesia

This chapter describes anaesthesia, including pre-operative assessment (peri-operative medications, examination & tests, ASA classification (American Society of Anesthesiologists), premedication, sedation), equipment and anaesthetic agents (inhalational agents, the ideal IV anaesthetic agent, the ideal inhaled anaesthetic agent, commonly used iv anaesthetic agents, other IV anaesthetic agents, the autonomic system, neuromuscular blockers), and practical conduct of anaesthesia (induction, muscle relaxation, maintenance of anaesthesia, intubation technique, mechanical ventilation, some complications of anaesthesia, aspiration, rapid sequence induction (RSI), end of anaesthesia and recovery, local and regional anaesthesia, pain management, vegetative states).

Primary care

This chapter explores primary care and general practice. It outlines primary care (general practice in the UK and worldwide, primary care, intermediate care and self-care, primary health care teams, and pressures of primary care), consulting and certifying (the consultation and patient centred care, consultation models, complex decision making, managing uncertainty, what to do for the best, continuity of care, home visits, telephone consulting, chronic disease, approaching minor illness, medically unexplained symptoms, time off work and fit notes, fitness to drive, fitness to fly, UK benefits, certification of death) health and healthy living (health and social class, social class and health inequalities, prevention, screening, health education, smoking cessation, managing alcohol and drug misuse, managing obesity, managing sleep problems, exercise, healthy eating and alternative medicine, domestic violence), and practice management and performance (GPs as business managers and commissioners, independent practice vs commercial companies, clinical governance, significant events, audit and complaints, appraisal, revalidation and performance, prescribing and referring, patient groups).

Ophthalmology

This chapter explores ophthalmology, including examining eyes, aids to ophthalmoscopy, testing visual acuity, the external eye, tears and lacrimation, orbital swellings and zoster, retinoblastoma, eye movements and squint, pupils and irises, refraction; myopia; astigmatism, visual field defects, the red eye, management of corneal ulcers, sudden painless loss of vision, gradual loss of vision, chronic simple glaucoma, cataract, the retina, the eye in diabetes mellitus, the eye in systemic disease, tropical eye disease, eye trauma, blindness and partial sight, drugs and the eye, contact lenses, blepharospasm, allergic eye disease, floaters, flashes, and haloes, and refractive procedures.

Psychiatry

This chapter discusses psychiatry. It outlines psychiatric history skills (principles, mental state exam, risk assessment, confidentiality, and physical ecamination), assessment of psychiatric symptoms (descriptive psychopathology, classification of disorders (ICD-10, DSM-V)), community psychiatry (community care, schizophrenia, depression, bipolar affective disorder, anxiety, OCD, and PTSD, and the withdrawal of psychotropics), emergency department psychiatry (suicide and suicidal ideation, deliberate self-harm, crisis intervention, urgent psychiatry situations, and managing violence), liaison psychiatry and organix illness (delirium and dementia), child and adolescent psychiatry (depression, psychosis, behavioural difficulties, sleep disorders, ASD, and ADHD), psychiatric subspecialties (substance and alcohol misuse, intellectual disability, personality disorders, eating disorders, psychosexual disorders, and perinatal disorders), psychological treatment and psychotherapy (cognitive therapy, behavioural therapy, dynamic psychotherapy, systemic/family therapy, counselling and supportive psychotherapy, group psychotherapy, play and art therapy), and mental health and the law (compulsory hospitalisation, consent, capacity, and the Mental Health Act).

Emergency medicine

This chapter explores emergency medicine, including appropriate and inappropriate use of emergency departments (EDs), as well as burns, drowning, electric shock injuries, high altitude medicine, wound management, bites, stings, and foreign bodies, major trauma, the Glasgow Coma Score, trauma networks, choking, advanced trauma life support, shock in the trauma patient, road traffic accidents, chest injury, blast injuries, head injury, abdominal injury, radiology in trauma, pelvic injury, and trauma in pregnancy.