Respiratory

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Spindles ◽  
Pulmonary Mechanics ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Transport ◽  
Lung Volumes ◽  
Golgi Tendon Organs ◽  
Stretch Receptors ◽  
Pulmonary Stretch Receptors ◽  
Pressure Chemical ◽  
Tendon Organs ◽  
Irritant Receptors

This chapter describes the pathophysiology of the respiratory system as it applies to Emergency Medicine, and in particular the Primary FRCEM examination. The chapter outlines the key details of the control of ventilation, reflexes, pressure, chemical, and irritant receptors, J receptors, pulmonary stretch receptors, Golgi tendon organs, muscle spindles, lung volumes, pulmonary mechanics, oxygen and carbon dioxide transport, DO2/VO2 relationships, carbon monoxide, pulse oximetry, effects of altitude, and dysbarism. This chapter is laid out exactly following the RCEM syllabus, to allow easy reference and consolidation of learning.

Respiratory

2011 ◽  
pp. 434-442
Author(s):  
Dr Mark Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Spindles ◽  
Pulmonary Mechanics ◽  
Ventilatory Control ◽  
Lung Volumes ◽  
Control Of Ventilation ◽  
Golgi Tendon Organs ◽  
Stretch Receptors ◽  
Pressure Chemical ◽  
Tendon Organs ◽  
Irritant Receptors

1.1 Control of ventilation, 436 1.2 Reflexes in ventilatory control, 437 1.3 Pressure, chemical, and irritant receptors, 438 1.4 J receptors, 438 1.5 Pulmonary stretch receptors, 438 1.6 Golgi tendon organs, 438 1.7 Muscle spindles, 438 1.8 Lung volumes, 438 1.9 Pulmonary mechanics, 439 1.10...

scholarly journals Control of position and movement is simplified by combined muscle spindle and Golgi tendon organ feedback

2013 ◽  
Vol 109 (4) ◽  
pp. 1126-1139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dinant A. Kistemaker ◽  
Arthur J. Knoek Van Soest ◽  
Jeremy D. Wong ◽  
Isaac Kurtzer ◽  
Paul L. Gribble
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control ◽  
Muscle Spindle ◽  
Muscle Spindles ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Golgi Tendon Organs ◽  
Position Errors ◽  
Musculoskeletal Models ◽  
Human Motor ◽  
Tendon Organs ◽  
Point To Point

Whereas muscle spindles play a prominent role in current theories of human motor control, Golgi tendon organs (GTO) and their associated tendons are often neglected. This is surprising since there is ample evidence that both tendons and GTOs contribute importantly to neuromusculoskeletal dynamics. Using detailed musculoskeletal models, we provide evidence that simple feedback using muscle spindles alone results in very poor control of joint position and movement since muscle spindles cannot sense changes in tendon length that occur with changes in muscle force. We propose that a combination of spindle and GTO afferents can provide an estimate of muscle-tendon complex length, which can be effectively used for low-level feedback during both postural and movement tasks. The feasibility of the proposed scheme was tested using detailed musculoskeletal models of the human arm. Responses to transient and static perturbations were simulated using a 1-degree-of-freedom (DOF) model of the arm and showed that the combined feedback enabled the system to respond faster, reach steady state faster, and achieve smaller static position errors. Finally, we incorporated the proposed scheme in an optimally controlled 2-DOF model of the arm for fast point-to-point shoulder and elbow movements. Simulations showed that the proposed feedback could be easily incorporated in the optimal control framework without complicating the computation of the optimal control solution, yet greatly enhancing the system's response to perturbations. The theoretical analyses in this study might furthermore provide insight about the strong physiological couplings found between muscle spindle and GTO afferents in the human nervous system.

The distribution of golgi tendon organs and muscle spindles in masseter and temporalis muscles of the cat

Neuroscience ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.P. Lund ◽  
Frances J.R. Richmond ◽  
Christianne Touloumis ◽  
Y. Patry ◽  
Yves Lamarre
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Spindles ◽  
Golgi Tendon Organs ◽  
Tendon Organs

Muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs

2015 ◽  
pp. 243-246
Author(s):  
David Chambers ◽  
Christopher Huang ◽  
Gareth Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Spindles ◽  
Golgi Tendon Organs ◽  
Tendon Organs

scholarly journals New functions for the proprioceptive system in skeletal biology

2018 ◽  
Vol 373 (1759) ◽  
pp. 20170327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronen Blecher ◽  
Lia Heinemann-Yerushalmi ◽  
Eran Assaraf ◽  
Nitzan Konstantin ◽  
Jens R. Chapman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Spindles ◽  
Human Condition ◽  
Severe Phenotype ◽  
Golgi Tendon Organs ◽  
Musculoskeletal Development ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Spinal Curve ◽  
Tendon Organs ◽  
And Function ◽  
Made In

Muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs (GTOs) are two types of sensory receptors that respond to changes in length or tension of skeletal muscles. These mechanosensors have long been known to participate in both proprioception and stretch reflex. Here, we present recent findings implicating these organs in maintenance of spine alignment as well as in realignment of fractured bones. These discoveries have been made in several mouse lines lacking functional mechanosensors in part or completely. In both studies, the absence of functional spindles and GTOs produced a more severe phenotype than that of spindles alone. Interestingly, the spinal curve phenotype, which appeared during peripubertal development, bears resemblance to the human condition adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. This similarity may contribute to the study of the disease by offering both an animal model and a clue as to its aetiology. Moreover, it raises the possibility that impaired proprioceptive signalling may be involved in the aetiology of other conditions. Overall, these new findings expand considerably the scope of involvement of proprioception in musculoskeletal development and function.This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Mechanics of development’.

Muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, and the neural control of skeletal muscle

1986 ◽  
Vol 86 (9) ◽  
pp. 114-119
Author(s):  
John N Howell ◽  
Marc D. Binder ◽  
T. Richard Nichols ◽  
Gerald E Loeb
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Muscle Spindles ◽  
Golgi Tendon Organs ◽  
Tendon Organs
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