Wound healing

4.1 General principles, 512 4.2 Specific tissues, 513 • 5 stages: ▪ Haemostasis ▪ Inflammation ▪ Reconstruction ▪ Epithelialization ▪ Maturation • Primary haemostasis - local vascular contraction and platelet plug formation • Activation of the clotting cascade • Prepares the wound for healing...

Musculoskeletal system

8.1 Nonpharmacological measures, 412 8.2 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), 412 8.3 Corticosteroids, 414 8.4 Drugs used in gout and hyperuricaemia, 414 • Management of musculoskeletal injuries and diseases involves more than just pharmacological intervention. • Consideration of splinting, physiotherapy, and early mobilization can be the most effective way to ease pain and improve long-term outcome....

Endocrine system

6.1 Diabetes, 403 6.2 Thyroid disease, 405 6.3 Corticosteroids, 406 • Diabetes mellitus (DM) is characterized by persistent hyperglycaemia. This can be caused by the body's failure to produce insulin (type 1 DM) or by increased insulin resistance (type 2 DM). • Type 1 DM usually presents in younger people with polyuria, polydipsia, and weight loss. Long-term treatment of Type 1 DM is with insulin, the preferred regime being a long-acting insulin, with a short-acting insulin being given with meals (Basal-Bolus regime). Initial management can be difficult due to ‘honeymoon’ period where the pancreas still produces small amounts of insulin....

Central nervous system

4.1 Hypnotics and anxiolytics, 373 4.2 Antipsychotics, 374 4.3 Antimania drugs, 376 4.4 Tricyclic antidepressants, 377 4.5 Nausea and vomiting (N&V), 377 4.6 Analgesics, 379 4.7 Non-opioid analgesics, 379 4.8 Opioid analgesics, 380 4.9 Antiepileptics, 382 4.10 Status epilepticus, 383 • Hypnotics - Used to treat sleeping disorders (sleeping tablets)...

Renal physiology

5.1 Kidneys, 310 5.2 Mechanism of filtration, 313 5.3 Acid-base balance, 323 5.4 Potassium balance, 327 5.5 Calcium balance, 327 For the full anatomy of the kidneys see Section A.4.11 of Chapter A4. • Within the dense, connective tissue of the renal capsule, the kidney substance is divided into:...

Respiratory viruses

15.1 Rhinovirus, 209 15.2 Influenza, 210 15.3 Parainfluenza, 211 15.4 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), 211 • There are more than 100 different serotypes of rhinovirus. • Rhinovirus is chiefly limited to upper respiratory tract infections and is the major cause of the common cold....

Pseudomonas

9.1 Basis of infection, 189 9.2 Clinical features of infection, 189 9.3 Basis of diagnosis, 189 9.4 Principles of treatment, 190 9.5 Implications within hospital setting, 190 • Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the primary pathogen. • Found in soil, water, plants, and animals. • Grows in moist environments including hot tubs, wet intravenous tubing, and other water-containing vessels....

Natural and innate immunity

1.1 Barriers to infection, 151 1.2 Normal bacterial flora, 152 1.3 Phagocytes and complement, 152 • Anatomical barrier physically preventing invasion of microorganisms. • Chemical barrier providing unfavourable conditions for most organisms to survive due to: ▪ Free fatty acids produced by the sebaceous glands and skin flora...

Haematology

5.1 Anaemia, 515 5.2 Leukaemia, 516 5.3 Lymphoma and myeloma, 517 5.4 Coagulation, 518 • Less than normal number of RBCs or less than normal haemoglobin • By size of RBC ▪ Macrocytic - Larger than normal ▪ Microcytic - Smaller than normal ▪...

Immune response

2.1 Normal, 497 2.2 Abnormal, 499 • The normal immune response is divided into a layered response: ▪ A physical barrier ▪ Innate responses ▪ Adaptive responses • A number of physical and mechanical barriers protect the body from invasion of foreign organisms: ▪...