Developmental Neuropsychiatry

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Psychosocial Development ◽  
Emotional Regulation ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Genetic Disorders ◽  
Traumatic Injury ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Tic Disorders ◽  
Reality Testing ◽  
Clinical Conditions

Neurodevelopmental disorders are a group of conditions involving alterations of behaviour, thinking, and emotions. They have onsets in early childhood, persistence into adult life, and high rates of altered cognitive and neurological function. They are frequent reasons for referral to psychiatry, paediatrics, and clinical psychology and often require team approaches to meet a variety of needs for service. This book includes accounts of the typical development and possible pathology of key functions whose alterations can underlie problems of mental development: motor function, attention, memory, executive function, communication, social understanding and empathy, reality testing, and emotional regulation. It goes on to descriptions of frequent clinical conditions: the spectra of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, tic disorders, coordination and learning difficulties, intellectual disability, and the psychotic disorders of young people. There are descriptions of recognition, diagnosis, prevalence, pathophysiology, and consequences for later development. These conditions very often coexist and present as dimensions rather than categorical illnesses. The effects of brain disorders on mental life are then considered, with special attention to epilepsy, cerebral palsy, hydrocephalus, acquired traumatic injury to the head, localized structural lesions, and endocrine and genetic disorders. Widely used treatments, both psychological and physical, are described in the context of their value for meeting multiple, often overlapping needs. Consequences of the conditions for individuals’ psychosocial development are described: stigma; physical illness and injury; economic disadvantage; and family, peer, and school stresses. This book is aimed at clinicians of all disciplines, clinical students, and educators encountering neuropsychiatric problems in young people.

Development and Pathology of Key Functions

2021 ◽  
pp. 19-58
Author(s):  
Eric Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Young People ◽  
Motor Function ◽  
Emotional Regulation ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Tic Disorders ◽  
Children And Young People ◽  
Reality Testing ◽  
Attention Memory ◽  
The Brain

This chapter will describe some key functions that are vulnerable to genetic and environmental changes affecting the brain. Motor function, attention, memory, executive function, communication, social understanding and empathy, reality testing, and emotional regulation will be considered separately. Their typical development and the consequences of alterations for psychopathology will be described as the basis for understanding the complex and overlapping results of brain dysfunctions. The brain substrates for such functions are outlined. None of them is a unitary process. They have complex and developing relationships with the diagnoses of attention deficit, autism, language, coordination, learning, and tic disorders. All of them have significant roles to play beyond diagnoses in the development of children and young people.

Report1: Impact of Covid-19 on young people aged 13-24 in the UK- preliminary findings

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liat Levita ◽  
Jilly Gibson Miller ◽  
Todd K. Hartman ◽  
Jamie Murphy ◽  
Mark Shevlin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Young People ◽  
Emotional Regulation ◽  
Health Anxiety ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Social Risk ◽  
Need For Support ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Social Recovery ◽  
The Impact

COVID-19 has led to an unprecedented disruption of normal social relationships and activities, which are so important during the teen years and young adulthood, and to education and economic activity worldwide. The impact of this on young people’s mental health and future prospects may affect their need for support and services, and the speed of the nation’s social recovery afterwards. This study focused on the unique challenges facing young people at different points during adolescent development, which spans from the onset of puberty until the mid-twenties. Although this is an immensely challenging time and there is a potential risk for long term trauma, adolescence can be a period of opportunity, where the teenagers’ brain enjoys greater capacity for change. Hence, the focus on young people is key for designing age-specific interventions and public policies, which can offer new strategies for instilling resilience, emotional regulation, and self-control. In fact, adolescents might be assisted to not only cope, but excel, in spite of the challenges imposed by this pandemic. Our work will feed into the larger societal response that utilizes the discoveries about adolescence in the way we raise, teach, and treat young people during this time of crisis. Wave 1 data has already been collected from 2,002 young people aged 13-24, measuring their mental health (anxiety, depression, trauma), family functioning, social networks, and resilience, and social risk-taking at the time of the pandemic. Here we present a preliminary report of our findings, (Report 1). Data collected 21/4/20- 29/4/20 - a month after the lockdown started).

scholarly journals Prehospital resuscitation

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. e000729
Author(s):  
Alexandra M P Brito ◽  
Martin Schreiber
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Tranexamic Acid ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Blood Product ◽  
Traumatic Injury ◽  
Trauma Patients ◽  
Blood Products ◽  
Front Line ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Review Current

Traumatic injury is the leading cause of death in young people in the USA. Our knowledge of prehospital resuscitation is constantly evolving and is often informed by research based on military experience. A move toward balanced blood product resuscitation and away from excessive crystalloid use has led to improvements in outcomes for trauma patients. This has been facilitated by new technologies allowing more front-line use of blood products as well as use of tranexamic acid in the prehospital setting. In this article, we review current practices in prehospital resuscitation and the studies that have informed these practices.

scholarly journals Temporal variation in the incidence of treated psychotic disorders in young people

2021 ◽  
Vol 231 ◽  
pp. 221-226
Author(s):  
Baptiste Pignon ◽  
Scott Eaton ◽  
Franck Schürhoff ◽  
Andrei Szöke ◽  
Patrick McGorry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Temporal Variation ◽  
Psychotic Disorders

scholarly journals The role of rumination in illness trajectories in youth: linking trans-diagnostic processes with clinical staging models

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (12) ◽  
pp. 2467-2484 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. Grierson ◽  
I. B. Hickie ◽  
S. L. Naismith ◽  
J. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Emotional Regulation ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Clinical Staging ◽  
Neurocognitive Deficits ◽  
Illness Onset ◽  
Co Morbidity

Research in developmental psychopathology and clinical staging models has increasingly sought to identify trans-diagnostic biomarkers or neurocognitive deficits that may play a role in the onset and trajectory of mental disorders and could represent modifiable treatment targets. Less attention has been directed at the potential role of cognitive-emotional regulation processes such as ruminative response style. Maladaptive rumination (toxic brooding) is a known mediator of the association between gender and internalizing disorders in adolescents and is increased in individuals with a history of early adversity. Furthermore, rumination shows moderate levels of genetic heritability and is linked to abnormalities in neural networks associated with emotional regulation and executive functioning. This review explores the potential role of rumination in exacerbating the symptoms of alcohol and substance misuse, and bipolar and psychotic disorders during the peak age range for illness onset. Evidence shows that rumination not only amplifies levels of distress and suicidal ideation, but also extends physiological responses to stress, which may partly explain the high prevalence of physical and mental co-morbidity in youth presenting to mental health services. In summary, the normative developmental trajectory of rumination and its role in the evolution of mental disorders and physical illness demonstrates that rumination presents a detectable, modifiable trans-diagnostic risk factor in youth.

scholarly journals Excess all-cause mortality before age 30 in childhood onset type 1 diabetes: data from the Brecon Group Cohort in Wales

2017 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana R Wasag ◽  
John W Gregory ◽  
Colin Dayan ◽  
John N Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Young People ◽  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Chronic Complications ◽  
Mortality Ratio ◽  
General Populations ◽  
Incident Cases

BackgroundLong-term outcomes in young people with type 1 diabetes continue to be of interest, and may help evaluate the effects of changes to the clinical care of children that have occurred in recent decades.AimsTo identify mortality and its causes before age 30 years in patients developing type 1 diabetes before age 15 years.MethodsSince 1995, paediatricians in Wales have compiled a prospective register of incident cases of type 1 diabetes occurring before age 15 years in Wales (the Brecon Cohort). Their subsequent mortality rates were compared with mortality in the general populations of Wales and England using the patient-years exposure method. Causes of death were ascertained from death certificates and from clinicians.ResultsThe standardised mortality ratio for young people with type 1 diabetes in Wales was 2.91 with no clear evidence of improvement or worsening of mortality risk over time. Most deaths occurred between ages 15 and 30 years although at a slightly younger age than in the general population. There were more deaths with increasing age at diagnosis of diabetes. Ketoacidosis remains the most common cause of death before age 30 years. Hypoglycaemia was difficult to ascertain with certainty but also caused some deaths. In this age group, chronic complications of diabetes were not a cause of mortality.ConclusionsDespite the developments in clinical care in recent years, the mortality risk for people developing type 1 diabetes in childhood remains high in young adult life before the onset of chronic complications.

Diseases of the teeth and supporting structures

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Robinson ◽  
Keith Hunter ◽  
Michael Pemberton ◽  
Philip Sloan
Keyword(s):  
Dental Health ◽  
Genetic Disorders ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Mendelian Inheritance ◽  
Structural Basis ◽  
Pathological Examination ◽  
Dental Arch ◽  
Supernumerary Teeth ◽  
Tooth Germs ◽  
Genetically Determined

A wide variety of processes can affect the formation of teeth during development. The number, size, shape, and quality of dental hard tis­sue may be abnormal and teeth may erupt early or be prematurely shed or resorbed. When a child presents with a tooth abnormality, the clin­ical and radiographic features are often distinctive and management depends on diagnosis (Box 5.1). Broadly, developmental abnormal­ities of the teeth can be either genetically determined or acquired as a result of injurious processes affecting the developing teeth. It can be problematic to make a diagnosis, particularly when teeth initially erupt. Sometimes pathological examination of a shed or extracted tooth by ground sectioning (for enamel) or conventional sectioning of a decalci­fied tooth can provide a diagnosis. Research has provided insights into the genetic and structural basis of dental anomalies, and has resulted in a complex and extensive classification of subtypes. Minor abnormal­ities, such as failure of development of a few teeth or enamel erosion in adult life, may be dealt with in general dental practice, but it is advisable to refer younger patients with more complex or extensive dental abnor­malities to a specialist in child dental health, with links to expert diag­nostic facilities and input from orthodontic and restorative colleagues. The publically available Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database provides an invaluable resource for genetic disorders, including dental abnormalities. Supernumerary teeth are common and may be rudimentary in form or of normal morphology, when they are referred to as supplemental teeth. The most common supernumerary tooth occurs in the mid- line of the maxillary alveolus and is referred to as a mesiodens, which usually has a conical shape. Eruption of adjacent normal successor teeth may be impeded by a mesiodens, which is an indication for its removal. Most supernumerary teeth occur as a sporadic event in devel­opment, but multiple extra teeth can be found in certain developmen­tal disorders. Failure of development of tooth germs results in teeth missing from the dental arch and is referred to as hypodontia. Most often the missing teeth are third molars, second premolars, and upper lateral incisors. Hypodontia is more common in the permanent dentition than in the primary teeth.

Psychiatric Consequences of Brain Syndromes

2021 ◽  
pp. 163-212
Author(s):  
Eric Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Young People ◽  
Medical Diagnosis ◽  
Psychological Intervention ◽  
Traumatic Injury ◽  
Endocrine Disorders ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Children And Young People ◽  
Multiple Morbidity ◽  
Functional Neurological Disorders

This chapter outlines the nature of common and notable brain disorders that have psychiatric consequences for children and young people. All are often managed by paediatric disciplines in European, Australian, and North American countries. Psychiatrists, however, are often the lead discipline in countries where the medical aspects are considered as less important than the mental. In most countries, physical and mental specialists need to work together with enough understanding of each other’s role that there is no gap in the provision of service. Recognizing multiple morbidity is key. This chapter therefore covers the basics of medical diagnosis and treatment as well as what is known about psychological intervention. Epilepsy, cerebral palsy, hydrocephalus, acquired traumatic injury to the head, localized structural lesions, and endocrine disorders are all described in the chapter. In addition, functional neurological disorders are considered, in order to inform joint diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.

Aftercare

2020 ◽  
pp. 78-104
Author(s):  
Tom Boterberg ◽  
Yen-Ch’ing Chang ◽  
Karin Dieckmann ◽  
Mark Gaze ◽  
Helen Woodman
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Response Assessment ◽  
Malignant Neoplasms ◽  
Children And Young People ◽  
Long Term Follow Up ◽  
Second Malignant Neoplasms ◽  
Ongoing Surveillance ◽  
Treatment Summary

Chapter 5 discusses care during and after radiotherapy for children and young people. During and immediately after treatment, children and young people receiving radiotherapy need monitoring for acute complications of treatment and may require supportive care. Following completion of treatment, a response assessment is needed, followed by ongoing surveillance for recurrence. If relapse occurs, consideration can be given to further treatment, which may be radical or palliative in intent. With the passing of time, the risks of relapse recede and monitoring for the late effects of treatment becomes more important. As the majority of patients will have some long-term sequelae, some of which can be ameliorated by timely intervention, patients should be followed in a multidisciplinary clinic. A detailed treatment summary will help predict the risk of complications and guide long-term follow-up. Patients, when they reach adult life, should be aware of possible problems, including fertility issues and second malignant neoplasms.

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