Diabetes Mellitus: Control and Complications

2014 ◽  
pp. 517-526
Author(s):  
Deborah J. Wexler ◽  
David M. Nathan
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Insulin Resistance Syndrome ◽  
The United States ◽  
Syndrome X ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Metabolic Abnormalities ◽  
Insulin Resistant ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Increase In Risk

Metabolic syndrome (MetS), also referred to as the insulin resistance syndrome or syndrome X, refers to a constellation of metabolic abnormalities that tend to cluster together and lead to a substantial increase in risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although manifestations of MetS have been recognized since the 1920s, it was first described as a syndrome by Gerald Reaven in 1988. The most commonly used definition of MetS in the United States is the one proposed by the National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATPIII). The definition was first published in 2001 and then updated in 2004 (see table 52.1); however, there are other definitions as well (see table 52.2). Most definitions include insulin resistance (IR) or abdominal obesity as the essential criterion. The NCEP definition does not require the presence of IR or obesity as an essential criterion. However, most individuals diagnosed with MetS according to the NCEP definition are both obese and insulin resistant.

scholarly journals From syndrome X to cardiometabolic risk: clinical and public health implications

2019 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Pierre Després
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Vital Signs ◽  
Visceral Obesity ◽  
Syndrome X ◽  
Metabolic Abnormalities ◽  
Insulin Resistant

Although the first description of a syndrome defined by the co-existence of atherogenic and diabetogenic metabolic abnormalities is debated in the literature, it was Gerald Reaven who proposed, in his landmark 1988 Banting award lecture, that a significant proportion of individuals (with diabetes or not) were characterised by insulin resistance causing prejudice to cardiovascular health. However, Reaven was influenced by seminal observations made more than 50 years earlier by Himsworth who proposed that there were two forms of diabetes (insulin resistant v. insulin sensitive). Reaven went further in proposing the theory that insulin resistance was the most prevalent cause of CVD associated with metabolic abnormalities that he named syndrome X. Because there was a syndrome X documented in cardiology, the term evolved to insulin resistance syndrome. As Reaven could also find insulin-resistant individuals in non-obese subjects, he did not include obesity as a feature of syndrome X. Imaging studies then revealed that excess adipose tissue in the abdominal cavity, a condition described as visceral obesity, was the form of overweight/obesity associated with insulin resistance and its related abnormalities. As obesity risk assessment and management remain largely based on body weight (BMI) and weight loss, it is proposed that our clinical approaches and public health messages should be revisited. First, patients should be educated about the importance of monitoring their waistline as a crude index of abdominal adiposity. Secondly, public health approaches focussing on ‘lifestyle vital signs’ including achieving healthy waistlines rather than healthy body weights should be developed.

„Socialist postmodernism”: residential architecture in Kyiv Podil district (Ukraine)

BUILDER ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 293 (12) ◽  
pp. 46-51
Author(s):  
Svitlana Linda
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Construction Projects ◽  
Architectural Design ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Residential Architecture ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Residential Quarters

Despite the short chronological span of the socialist era architecture heritage, it remains little investigated and underappreciated. Given the political and cultural isolation of the Soviet Union republics and strict architectural design regulations, there was a widespread belief that architects should not use innovative trends. This article exemplifies residential quarters in the historic Podil district, designed and built in the 1970s-1980s in Kyiv. They vividly demonstrate the postmodern ideas embodied in Ukrainian architecture. Methodologically, the article bases on the Ch. Jencks definition of postmodernism and in the comparison of his ideology with the implemented Kyiv project. It states that Kyiv architects proposed not typical Soviet construction projects but international postmodern architectural solutions. It proves that, on the one hand, Ukrainian architects had perfect qualifications to draw construction projects implementing advanced world trends of the time. But on the other hand, it highlights that postmodernism in architecture did not merely confine to Western Europe and the United States but also penetrated the Iron Curtain, exemplifying innovative architectural thinking which ran contrary to the modernist paradigm.

scholarly journals Insulin resistance syndrome as a feature of cardiological syndrome X in non-obese men.

Heart ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Swan ◽  
C. Walton ◽  
I. F. Godsland ◽  
D. Crook ◽  
M. F. Oliver ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Insulin Resistance Syndrome ◽  
Syndrome X

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF INSULIN RESISTANCE SYNDROME (SYNDROME X) IN A CITY IN JAPAN

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (s1) ◽  
pp. S30-S31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minoru Imamura ◽  
Yuzuru Kishitani ◽  
Toyohiko Saika ◽  
Kazuya Iio ◽  
Hitoshi Ikami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Insulin Resistance Syndrome ◽  
Syndrome X ◽  
Epidemiological Investigation

scholarly journals The Mechanistic and Pathophysiological Role of Adiponectin and Resistin Towards Regulation of Food Intake and Appetite in Cardiovascular Associated Risk Factor of Metabolic Syndrome

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mimie Noratiqah Jumli ◽  
Muhammad Ilyas Nadeem
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Insulin Resistance Syndrome ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Syndrome X ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Pathophysiological Role

Insulin resistance syndrome or syndrome X is also known as metabolic syndrome (MetS). It is an emerging problem globally with the surge of increasing prevalence among urban population of developing countries. The etiology of pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome includes the inflammatory pathways of insulin resistance, deregulated appetite, diet-induced, inflammation-induced obesity, and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Adipose tissue is an endocrine organ that secrets adipokines like adiponectin and resistin during physiological and pathological states. Moreover, the adipokines associated with diet-induced and inflammation-induced obesity have secondary deteriorating effects on cardiovascular system. Although, the adiponectin and resistin were potentially found in regulating food intake and appetite but their mediating effect on pathophysiology of CVD still needs future investigations. However, the prior studies reported the association of adiponectin and resistin levels with CVD complications related to food intake but still there is need to understand its multifactorial heterogeneity. Therefore, literature suggests figuring out potential target mechanistic and therapeutic approaches of adiponectin and resistin hormone towards food intake and appetite involvement in metabolic syndrome and CVD.

Prospective analysis of the insulin-resistance syndrome (syndrome X)

Diabetes ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 715-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Haffner ◽  
R. A. Valdez ◽  
H. P. Hazuda ◽  
B. D. Mitchell ◽  
P. A. Morales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Insulin Resistance Syndrome ◽  
Syndrome X ◽  
Prospective Analysis
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