RESIDENTIAL QUARTERS OF AIRCRAFT FACTORIES IN THE INDUSTRIAL AREA BEZYMYANKA IN KUIBYSHEV (1940-1950S)

The paper considers the residential quarters of aircraft factories in the industrial area of Kuibyshev - Bezymyanka, designed by the Kuibyshev branch of the Giproaviaprom Institute and built in the late 1940s - mid 1950s. The features of their construction and architectural and planning organization are analyzed, the periodization of construction is determined, the building parameters, architectural and stylistic characteristics are shown, the experience of urban planning development of residential buildings is investigated on the principles of creating an “enlarged quarter”, the results of interaction between two design organizations - the Architectural and Planning Workshop of St. Kuibyshev and the Institute for the Design of Industrial Enterprises and Departmental Development of the Aviation Profi le - Giproaviaprom.

A Relative Study of Contemporary Residential Landscape Architecture: From the Local to the Global Aspect

The location of residential quarters has a deep connection with the pattern of everyday life. It is not always significant for social activities; however, it is the main component in city planning. Along with the improvement of the society and economy, the landscape of residences is likewise changing. This paper aims to discuss the planning strategies of residential landscape from a socio-technical perceptive. A diverse approach was implemented for collecting data due to the uncertain situation around the world because of COVID19 including personal archival data, LDA authority, building regulations, research articles and interviews. The variables adapted for the current research are: drift from outdoor spaces to indoor spaces, orientation of design and spatial layout and practices diffusion. The study suggests that the dynamics of space and practices can normalize the unsustainable arrangements rooted in social organizations. The increased consumption of electrical appliances and specification of spaces has changed the culture into an unsuitable indoor layout planning and has neglected the use of outdoor areas in contemporary societies. This study can help to bring the implementation of house planning into a broader perspective globally as there is a comparison drawn between the local and international landscaped signing by a renowned landscape architect "Geoffrey Bawa". Keywords: architecture, contemporary and landscape, open spaces, orientation, residential planning

Kabul, a Forgotten Mughal Capital: Gardens, City, and Court at the Turn of the Sixteenth Century

Kabul was the seat of Mughal power during the first half of the sixteenth century, and—it is argued here—provided inspiration for the better-known Mughal metropoles of Hindustan. Sources suggest that the topography of Kabul was already well established, along with its major landmarks, decades before Babur made it the seat of his court in 1504. Among these landmarks were three remarkable royal gardens (all Timurid foundations), which performed complementary functions. The one known today as Bagh-i Babur acquired funerary connotations with the burial of Babur’s mother there in 1505, if not earlier. The Bagh-i Shahrara hosted the governor as well as distinguished guests, including widowed or divorced princesses and imperial visitors. The Chaharbagh was the seat of the court. Its functional units included residential quarters for the ruler and the harem, a courtyard of audience, administrative quarters, and service provisions. In this study, Kabul and its gardens are compared with Mughal counterparts in Hindustan, and (more briefly) with Timurid Herat and Safavid Isfahan. This comparison contributes to an understanding of the unique position occupied by gardens in the Timurid realm and in the courts of their Mughal and Safavid successors.

LAYOUTS OF SETTLEMENTS IN NORTHWESTERN CRIMEA IN THE SECOND HALF OF I C. BC - FIRST QUARTER OF I C. AD

Статья представляет собой часть серии, посвященной планировкам позднескифских поселений Северо-Западного Крыма. Ее цель - выделение главных характеристик позднескифской застройки в регионе, проверка рабочей гипотезы о преемственности планировок на протяжении всего «позднескифского» периода, сравнение облика поселений Северо-Западного Крыма с синхронными памятниками соседних регионов. Тема настоящей статьи - планировки второй половины I в. до н. э. - первой четверти I в. н. э. Это время можно признать периодом расцвета поселений. Они достигают максимальных размеров, вокруг укреплений формируются «посады». Планировки поселений выглядят упорядоченными. Единицами застройки выступают многокомнатные дома, которые блокируются в кварталы. Характерная черта - использование греческих сооружений. В начале периода поселения укреплены различными оборонительными сооружениями, к концу они полностью или частично теряют свое значение. The paper is one in a series exploring the layout of late Scythian settlements in northwestern Crimea. It is aimed to identify key characteristics of late Scythian buildings in the region, test the working hypothesis on continuity of layouts throughout the entire ‘late Scythian’ period, and compare the look of settlements in northwestern Crimea with that of contemporaneous sites in the neighboring regions. This paper focuses on settlement layout in the second half of the 1 century BC - first quarter of the 1 century AD. Settlements of that period reached peak in their development. Settlements reached maximum size, with trading quarters (suburbs) appearing around fortified settlements. The layout of a settlement appears to follow a regular pattern. Housing units are buildings with many rooms constructed in residential quarters. Settlement development is characterized by use of Greek constructions. Early in the period settlements were fortified with various defensive structures which lost their importance partly or completely.

Spatial Pattern of Housing Sales Vacancy in Guangzhou’s Urban District, China

Housing vacancy can reflect the destocking degree of the real estate market. Based on the data of 57 opened residential quarters (46,622 units) from 2015 to 2018, this paper constructs a calculation formula of the sales vacancy rate and then analyzes the spatial pattern in Guangzhou’s urban district. The results show that there is obvious differentiation in the spatial pattern of housing sales vacancy in Guangzhou’s urban district, showing a higher spatial pattern in the old area and urban district and a lower spatial pattern in the core area. Subdistricts with high vacancy rates are mainly located in the east of the old area, the south and east of the urban district and near Baiyun Mountain in the north.

„Socialist postmodernism”: residential architecture in Kyiv Podil district (Ukraine)

Despite the short chronological span of the socialist era architecture heritage, it remains little investigated and underappreciated. Given the political and cultural isolation of the Soviet Union republics and strict architectural design regulations, there was a widespread belief that architects should not use innovative trends. This article exemplifies residential quarters in the historic Podil district, designed and built in the 1970s-1980s in Kyiv. They vividly demonstrate the postmodern ideas embodied in Ukrainian architecture. Methodologically, the article bases on the Ch. Jencks definition of postmodernism and in the comparison of his ideology with the implemented Kyiv project. It states that Kyiv architects proposed not typical Soviet construction projects but international postmodern architectural solutions. It proves that, on the one hand, Ukrainian architects had perfect qualifications to draw construction projects implementing advanced world trends of the time. But on the other hand, it highlights that postmodernism in architecture did not merely confine to Western Europe and the United States but also penetrated the Iron Curtain, exemplifying innovative architectural thinking which ran contrary to the modernist paradigm.

ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF COMFORT OF HOUSING COMPLEXES (DEVELOPMENT STUDIES IN WESTERN UKRAINE)

Architects and urban planners in the process of designing residential areas use building codes that consider the comfort of living only in terms of safety, sanitation and environmental performance. This article highlights the problem of taking into account a number of additional social parameters of comfort that affect the characteristics of living comfort. The structure of a comprehensive analysis of housing is formed by assessing the elements of living comfort. The presented research algorithm includes the consistent use of methods of sociological survey, evaluation and modeling. Having identified socio-psychological factors of comfort of a residential district at different levels of urban assessment (in the context of location in the city system, formation of the surrounding area, spatial and architectural-planning level), 3 residential development projects of Ivano-Frankivsk were assessed. For a comparative analysis, the architectural and planning solutions of residential quarters "Lemkivsky", "Club town 12", "Vidensky" were used, the construction of which began in 2017. This took into account not only the quantitative technical and economic indicators of individual elements of the project, but also qualitative indicators, the measurement of which in normal conditions is a resource-intensive process. As a result of the analysis and the carried-out estimation the graphic model of the complex analysis of a residential quarter is formed that allows to carry out comparison of various design decisions irrespective of size of a site of quantity of housing sections, etc. Using the method of movement to the ideal, a comprehensive analysis of various residential complexes was carried out. The obtained results allow, both at the stage of designing residential neighborhoods and the analysis of operated facilities to assess them in accordance with the needs of people, as well as to balance the indicators of comfort by applying the proposed architectural and planning techniques.

Urban Design and Walkability: Lessons Learnt from Iranian Traditional Cities

Physical activity is connected to public health in many ways, and walking is its most popular form. Modern planning models have been applied to cities to manage rapid urban expansions. However, this practice has led to low level of walkability and strong car-dependency in today’s cities. Hence, this study aims to provide a review of the most promising urban design parameters affecting walkability, using Frank Lawrence’s theory of “Objectively Measured Urban Form” (density, connectivity and accessibility, and mixed-use development) as the basis of discussion. The second part of this paper takes a case study approach, through discussing the main design elements of traditional Iranian cities (mosques, bazaars, residential quarters, and alleyways) and analyses their impacts on promoting walkability. This study concludes that incorporating inherent values of traditional urban design elements will complement modern planning and design practices.