Substance Use After Release from Prison

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Larney ◽  
Mark Stoové ◽  
Stuart A. Kinner
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Interpersonal Factors ◽  
Problematic Substance Use ◽  
Poor Access ◽  
Problematic Substance ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Release From Prison

This chapter discusses the substantial proportion of prisoners globally who have a history of alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use and dependence. Incarceration usually provides a period of abstinence or reduced substance use, but this reduction is often transientand many ex-prisoners rapidly return to pre-incarceration levels of substance use. Substance use after release from prison is affected by both individual factors, such as substance use history and personal expectations, and interpersonal factors, such as social networks. Released prisoners often return to environments in which drugs are readily available and substance use is accepted or normative. Structural factors, such as poor access to substance use treatment and other health services, unstable housing and limited employment options, can create additional stressors that increase the risk of harmful substance use. Given the paucity of epidemiological evidence, the natural history of substance use after release from prison remains poorly understood. In particular, there is a dearth of evidence relating to resumption of alcohol, tobacco, and non-injecting illicit drug use following release from prison. Furthermore, although substance use in ex-prisoners is affected by structural and interpersonal factors, interventions to address problematic substance use typically focus on the individual. Additional research in this area is urgently needed to inform evidence-based policies and interventions.

Rumination and problematic substance use among individuals with a long-term history of illicit drug use

2019 ◽  
Vol 203 ◽  
pp. 44-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonja Memedovic ◽  
Tim Slade ◽  
Joanne Ross ◽  
Shane Darke ◽  
Katherine L. Mills ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
Problematic Substance Use ◽  
Problematic Substance ◽  
History Of

scholarly journals Mobile Apps to Reduce Tobacco, Alcohol, and Illicit Drug Use: Systematic Review of the First Decade

10.2196/17156 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. e17156
Author(s):  
Petra Karin Staiger ◽  
Renee O'Donnell ◽  
Paul Liknaitzky ◽  
Rachel Bush ◽  
Joanna Milward
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Mobile Apps ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
Mobile App ◽  
Risk Of Bias ◽  
Problematic Substance Use ◽  
Problematic Substance

Background Mobile apps for problematic substance use have the potential to bypass common barriers to treatment seeking. Ten years following the release of the first app targeting problematic tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drug use, their effectiveness, use, and acceptability remains unclear. Objective This study aims to conduct a systematic literature review of trials evaluating mobile app interventions for problematic tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drug use. Methods The review was conducted according to recommended guidelines. Relevant databases were searched, and articles were included if the mobile app study was a controlled intervention trial and reported alcohol, tobacco, or illicit drug consumption as outcomes. Results A total of 20 studies met eligibility criteria across a range of substances: alcohol (n=11), tobacco (n=6), alcohol and tobacco (n=1), illicit drugs (n=1), and illicit drugs and alcohol (n=1). Samples included the general community, university students, and clinical patients. The analyzed intervention sample sizes ranged from 22 to 14,228, and content was considerably diverse, from simple stand-alone apps delivering self-monitoring or psychoeducation to multicomponent apps with interactive features and audio content, or used as adjuncts alongside face-to-face treatment. Intervention duration ranged from 1 to 35 weeks, with notifications ranging from none to multiple times per day. A total of 6 of the 20 app interventions reported significant reductions in substance use at post or follow-up compared with a comparison condition, with small to moderate effect sizes. Furthermore, two other app interventions reported significant reductions during the intervention but not at post treatment, and a third reported a significant interaction of two app intervention components. Conclusions Although most app interventions were associated with reductions in problematic substance use, less than one-third were significantly better than the comparison conditions at post treatment. A total of 5 out of the 6 apps that reported intervention effects targeted alcohol (of those, one targeted alcohol and illicit drugs and another alcohol and tobacco) and 1 targeted tobacco. Moreover, 3 out of 6 apps included feedback (eg, personalized) and 2 had high risk of bias, 1 some risk, and 3 low risk. All 6 apps included interventions of 6 weeks or longer. Common study limitations were small sample sizes; risk of bias; lack of relevant details; and, in some cases, poorly balanced comparison conditions. Appropriately powered trials are required to understand which app interventions are most effective, length of engagement required, and subgroups most likely to benefit. In sum, evidence to date for the effectiveness of apps targeting problematic substance use is not compelling, although the heterogeneous comparison conditions and trial designs across studies limit the ability to compare efficacy between apps. We discuss potential approaches that can help ascertain whether the promise of mobile app interventions for problematic substance use can be fulfilled.

scholarly journals An Examination of the Patterns of Substance Use in Activity Spaces and Their Relationship to Problematic Use

2019 ◽  
pp. 0044118X1985726
Author(s):  
Jaime M. Booth ◽  
Zhyldyz Urbaeva ◽  
Daejun Park
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
American Indians ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Developmental Model ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Activity Spaces ◽  
Problematic Substance Use ◽  
Problematic Substance

During adolescence, adolescents are given more freedom to independently interact with a variety of social contexts. The eco-developmental model suggests that the activity spaces where adolescents spend their time affect substance-use behaviors beyond peer influences, and that the relationships may differ based on the adolescent’s demographic characteristics. This study examines adolescent patterns of reported substance use across activity spaces to determine whether the patterns of use are related to problematic substance use, and whether the relationships differ based on the participants’ race. Cross-sectional survey data from the study, Drug Use Among Young American Indians: Epidemiology and Prediction, 1993-2006 and 2009-2013, were used. Five patterns of adolescent alcohol use and six patterns of adolescent drug use in activity spaces were identified. There were significant differences in the relationship between class membership and problematic substance use by race, suggesting that contexts may be interacting with an adolescent’s race to influence use.

scholarly journals Mobile Apps to Reduce Tobacco, Alcohol, and Illicit Drug Use: Systematic Review of the First Decade (Preprint)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra Karin Staiger ◽  
Renee O'Donnell ◽  
Paul Liknaitzky ◽  
Rachel Bush ◽  
Joanna Milward
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Mobile Apps ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
Mobile App ◽  
Risk Of Bias ◽  
Problematic Substance Use ◽  
Problematic Substance

BACKGROUND Mobile apps for problematic substance use have the potential to bypass common barriers to treatment seeking. Ten years following the release of the first app targeting problematic tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drug use, their effectiveness, use, and acceptability remains unclear. OBJECTIVE This study aims to conduct a systematic literature review of trials evaluating mobile app interventions for problematic tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drug use. METHODS The review was conducted according to recommended guidelines. Relevant databases were searched, and articles were included if the mobile app study was a controlled intervention trial and reported alcohol, tobacco, or illicit drug consumption as outcomes. RESULTS A total of 20 studies met eligibility criteria across a range of substances: alcohol (n=11), tobacco (n=6), alcohol and tobacco (n=1), illicit drugs (n=1), and illicit drugs and alcohol (n=1). Samples included the general community, university students, and clinical patients. The analyzed intervention sample sizes ranged from 22 to 14,228, and content was considerably diverse, from simple stand-alone apps delivering self-monitoring or psychoeducation to multicomponent apps with interactive features and audio content, or used as adjuncts alongside face-to-face treatment. Intervention duration ranged from 1 to 35 weeks, with notifications ranging from none to multiple times per day. A total of 6 of the 20 app interventions reported significant reductions in substance use at post or follow-up compared with a comparison condition, with small to moderate effect sizes. Furthermore, two other app interventions reported significant reductions during the intervention but not at post treatment, and a third reported a significant interaction of two app intervention components. CONCLUSIONS Although most app interventions were associated with reductions in problematic substance use, less than one-third were <i>significantly</i> better than the comparison conditions at post treatment. A total of 5 out of the 6 apps that reported intervention effects targeted alcohol (of those, one targeted alcohol and illicit drugs and another alcohol and tobacco) and 1 targeted tobacco. Moreover, 3 out of 6 apps included feedback (eg, personalized) and 2 had high risk of bias, 1 some risk, and 3 low risk. All 6 apps included interventions of 6 weeks or longer. Common study limitations were small sample sizes; risk of bias; lack of relevant details; and, in some cases, poorly balanced comparison conditions. Appropriately powered trials are required to understand which app interventions are most effective, length of engagement required, and subgroups most likely to benefit. In sum, evidence to date for the effectiveness of apps targeting problematic substance use is not compelling, although the heterogeneous comparison conditions and trial designs across studies limit the ability to compare efficacy between apps. We discuss potential approaches that can help ascertain whether the promise of mobile app interventions for problematic substance use can be fulfilled.

scholarly journals Changes in Social, Romantic, and General Life Satisfaction Over the Course of a Substance Use Disorder

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina C. Christie ◽  
Vanya Vojvodic ◽  
Pranav Meda ◽  
John R. Monterosso
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Prescription Opioids ◽  
Drug Of Choice ◽  
Problematic Substance Use ◽  
Problematic Substance ◽  
Domains Of Life ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship

Background: The pandemic has highlighted the importance of social connection for health and well-being. Satisfaction across domains of life is associated with substance use outcomes, such as risk of relapse and mortality. Previous work has delineated the relationship between substance use and social connections, yet there is a lack of research exploring the relationship between substance use and satisfaction with domains of life over time.Methods: We retrospectively assessed satisfaction with social life, romantic life, and general life across five phases of substance use among 339 adults, of whom 289 identify as formerly having a problem with substance use, and a comparison group of 50 who report no history of problematic drug use. We compared those whose primary drug of choice was alcohol, marijuana, methamphetamine, non-prescription opioids, and prescription opioids.Results: Those who used prescription opioids reported a larger drop in satisfaction in social life, romantic life, and general life during the course of substance use than those who used other drugs. However, we report no significant differences in current satisfaction, social well-being, or quality of life between people in recovery and people with no history of problematic substance use.Conclusions: These findings—alongside neuropsychological work on the opioid system and sociality—paint a picture that those who formerly used prescription opioids may experience lower satisfaction across life domains during the course of their substance use than those who used other substances. However, people in prolonged recovery—regardless of their drug of choice—all show similar levels of satisfaction compared to people with no history of problematic substance use.

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