Clubfoot
This chapter reviews background information about the incidence, sex ratio, risk factors, including CVS and early amniocentesis, family history, consanguinity, genetics, recurrence risk, and epidemiology of clubfoot. The distinctive rigidity of clubfoot is compared with the more common position anomalies of the foot (metatarsus adductus) and congenital vertical talus. The discussion on the differential diagnosis of clubfoot summarizes its common causes, including teratogenic agents, chromosome anomalies, including copy number variants, and Mendelian disorders that involve associated malformations in the neuromuscular, skeletal, and connective tissue systems, and it gives recommendations for evaluation and management. A clinical case presentation features an infant with Loeys–Dietz syndrome.