Age Matters

2019 ◽  
pp. 51-74
Author(s):  
Michael Gottfredson ◽  
Travis Hirschi
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Control Theory ◽  
Juvenile Justice ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Age Effect ◽  
Sociological Studies

This chapter presents a review of the research and theorizing about age and crime as depicted in control theory. It critiques psychological and sociological studies of the meaning of the age–crime relationship. It also discusses testing general theory when age is a direct cause of crime, methods of accounting for the age–crime relationship in criminology, and the value of typologies and statistical treatments of age and crime. The accumulated evidence from the best research supports the conclusion that statistical and theoretical models meant to account for the age effect in criminology lack empirical and methodological support. As a result, the best stance for criminology, in both theory and policy, is to assume a direct effect for age. Implications for juvenile justice and the role of age in separate systems for adults and juveniles are discussed.

The Role of Distress Disclosure Tendencies in the Experience and Expression of Laboratory-Induced Sadness

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey H. Kahn ◽  
Daniel W. Cox ◽  
A. Myfanwy Bakker ◽  
Julia I. O’Loughlin ◽  
Agnieszka M. Kotlarczyk
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Emotional Reactivity ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Laboratory Research ◽  
Emotion Words ◽  
Distress Disclosure ◽  
Computerized Text Analysis

Abstract. The benefits of talking with others about unpleasant emotions have been thoroughly investigated, but individual differences in distress disclosure tendencies have not been adequately integrated within theoretical models of emotion. The purpose of this laboratory research was to determine whether distress disclosure tendencies stem from differences in emotional reactivity or differences in emotion regulation. After completing measures of distress disclosure tendencies, social desirability, and positive and negative affect, 84 participants (74% women) were video recorded while viewing a sadness-inducing film clip. Participants completed post-film measures of affect and were then interviewed about their reactions to the film; these interviews were audio recorded for later coding and computerized text analysis. Distress disclosure tendencies were not predictive of the subjective experience of emotion, but they were positively related to facial expressions of sadness and happiness. Distress disclosure tendencies also predicted judges’ ratings of the verbal disclosure of emotion during the interview, but self-reported disclosure and use of positive and negative emotion words were not associated with distress disclosure tendencies. The authors present implications of this research for integrating individual differences in distress disclosure with models of emotion.

OBOLESCENCE AND THE DIFFUSION OF INNOVATIONS

2020 ◽  
pp. 113-130
Author(s):  
A.V. GOLUBEV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Of Innovations ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Innovation Development ◽  
Scientific Hypothesis ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Sociological Studies

The diffusion of innovations is described as a process in a number of scientific papers. At the same time, the causes of this process have not been sufficiently studied. The author’s goal is to consider the main regularities, under which the life cycle of innovations begins, and propose measures to enhance diffusion in modern conditions. As a scientific hypothesis, the author accepts the postulate about the primary role of the obolescence of attracted innovations in this process. The analysis revealed not only the economic proportions that initiate the start of innovation promotion, but also the influence on the diffusion rate of the obsolescence degree of innovations and the market share occupied by the new product. Methodological approaches have been developed to determine economic efficiency depending on the moment of technological change-over, as well as to determine the absolute and relative speed of innovation diffusion. Sociological studies were conducted to determine the state of innovation development and the time lag between obtaining information about an innovation and its practical implementation. The author presents his “Agroopyt” information system developed to disseminate knowledge in the agricultural sphere and ensure technology transfer in agriculture. Digital methods provide for significant accelerateion of the diffusion of innovations and expand its scope.

Membangun Fondasi Keilmuan Ekonomi Islam: Telaah Metodologi Muhammad Akram Khan

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-170
Author(s):  
Ahmad Ubaidillah
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Inductive Method ◽  
Ethical Values ◽  
Institutional Conditions ◽  
Faith Based ◽  
Behavioral Parameters ◽  
Science Methodology ◽  
Islamic Society

Throughout my experience in tracking down and reading books on faith-based economics, in this case Islam, there are no books that specifically list the title of "Islamic economics". If there is, it is only initiated or introduced. Most books coming down to us still use the titles starting with the word, for example, system, concept, principle, or the doctrine of Islamic economics. Why do the authors of the book Islamic economics seem not dared to give his book title with label "science"? I presume that Islamic economics has not been considered as a science. In building a science, methodology is required. Islamic Economics also requires a well-established methodology to build the foundation of science. The study answers questions; how is methodology which is offered by Muhammad Akram Khan to build Islamic economics. The method used in this research is the study of literature with qualitative approach.The result of study concludes that Khan offers methodology of Islamic economics, if summarized, written as follows: First, Islamic economics uses a framework derived from the texts of divinity (revelation). Second, Islamic economics uses the inductive method, which gives witness to the truth or falsity assumptions and predictions about the two criteria of rationality and empirical evidence. Third, Islamic economy is built on ethical values ​​such as justice, virtue, moderation, sacrifice, caring for others, in the analysis, as behavioral parameters. Fourth, Islamic economics is a normative discipline. Islamic Economics investigates ways and means to change the existing economy with Islamic economy. Fifth, Islamic economics ask different questions with conventional economics. Its attention is on welfare (falah) human and creating social and institutional conditions that maximize falah in society. Clearly, Islamic economics strongly supports research programs that help maximize falah. Furthermore, Khan elaborates several issues related to the methodology that often appears in the forum of Islamic economists. There are some problems that Khan proposes, they are the interaction with modern economics, the role of revelation, assuming ideal Islamic society, and the general theory of Islamic economics.

The Influence of Competency of Preschool Teachers in Fujian Province on Subjective Well-Being: The Mediating Role of Psychological Capital

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuguang Sun ◽  
Ailing Huang
Keyword(s):  
Direct Effect ◽  
Psychological Capital ◽  
Preschool Teachers ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Positive Psychological Capital ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Mediator Variable

The intermediary effect interval of the preschool teachers' competence characteristics → positive psychological capital → the subjective well-being of the preschool teachers is (0.23—0.55), does not contain 0, and the effect amount is 0.35. The competency characteristics of preschool teachers → The direct effect interval of subjective well-being of preschool teachers is (0.05—0.36), excluding 0, and the effect quantity is 0.20, indicating that positive psychological capital as a mediator variable has the characteristics of preschool teachers and the subjective well-being of preschool teachers. Partial mediating effect, the ratio of mediating effect to total effect is 64.01%.

Exploring the role of identity fusion and group identification in predicting parochialism amongst Indonesian Islamic groups

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Michael Kavanagh ◽  
Susilo Wibisono ◽  
Rohan Kapitány ◽  
Whinda Yustisia ◽  
Idhamsyah Eka Putra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Group Identification ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Beliefs And Practices ◽  
Identity Fusion ◽  
Beliefs And Practice ◽  
Fusion Theory

Indonesia is the most populous Islamic country and as such is host to a diverse range of Islamic beliefs and practices. Here we examine how the diversity of beliefs and practices among Indonesian Muslims relates to group bonding and parochialism. In particular, we examine the predictive power of two distinct types of group alignment, group identification and identity fusion, among individuals from three Sunni politico-religious groups - a fundamentalist group (PKS), a moderate group (NU), and a control sample of politically unaffiliated citizens. Fundamentalists were more fused to targets than moderates or citizens, but contrary to fusion theory, we found across all groups, that group identification (not fusion) better predicted parochialism, including willingness to carry out extreme pro-group actions. We discuss how religious beliefs and practice impact parochial attitudes, as well as the implications for theoretical models linking fusion to extreme behaviour.

Service Quality and Repeat Purchase: The Moderating Effect of Perceived Value, and Satisfaction

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-5
Author(s):  
Aprihatiningrum Hidayati ◽  
Agus W. Soehadi ◽  
Aji Hermawan ◽  
Hartoyo Hartoyo
Keyword(s):  
Service Quality ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Purchase Intention ◽  
Perceived Value ◽  
Moderating Variables ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Prior Literature ◽  
Repeat Purchase ◽  
Purchase Satisfaction

The purpose of this study is to examine the direct and indirect effect of these determinants on repeat purchase. Competitive training industries impose pressure on managers to increase repeat purchase. Even though service quality and repeat purchase are well studied in prior literature, their determinants such as perceived value and satisfaction have not been fully investigated together as moderating variables. Most of literature stated both of perceived value and satisfaction as independent variables. Besides, most of literature consider purchase as an attitudinal (namely purchase intention), while this study focus on behavioural (namely repeat purchase). Data from a survey of 300 customers of public training are used to empirically evaluate the model. Results indicate that perceived value and the satisfaction have no direct effect on repeat purchase. However, these constructs indirectly influence repeat purchase through the mediating role of service quality. Satisfaction and perceived value play a major role in enhancing service quality, but do not directly impact repeat purchase. Interestingly, the direct effect on repeat purchases stems from service quality while recent researches suggest satisfaction is the antecedent. The findings suggest that training companies should invest more resources aimed at enhancing service quality through service delivery training for their employees. Even though prior research has considered the concepts studied here, this study aims to empirically evaluate a variety of antecedent factors that potentially affect repeat purchase. Relationships are established utilizing data collected in Indonesia (an increasingly important consumer market) which adds value to extant knowledge in this area. Keywords: path analysis, perceived value, repeat purchase, satisfaction, service quali

Control Theory, Dynamics, and Continuous Interaction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roderick Murray-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Control Theory ◽  
Human Computer Interaction ◽  
Systems Theory ◽  
Dynamic Systems ◽  
Trajectory Generation ◽  
Interaction Techniques ◽  
Dynamic Systems Theory ◽  
Classical Work ◽  
Continuous Interaction

This chapter reviews the role of theory and dynamic systems theory for understanding common interaction techniques including: targetting, trajectory generation, panning, scrolling and zooming. It explains how can be seen to be at the foundations of Human–Computer Interaction and might be essential for making progress in novel forms of interface. It reinterprets Fitts’ classical work with theoretic tools. It also highlights the limitations of theory for design of human–computer loops.

Examining the Role of Power-Control Theory and Self-Control to Account for Computer Hacking

2020 ◽  
pp. 001112872098189
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Holt ◽  
Kevin F. Steinmetz
Keyword(s):  
Gender Difference ◽  
Control Theory ◽  
Power Control ◽  
Gender Disparity ◽  
Criminological Theory ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Computer Hacking ◽  
Using Data

Criminological inquiry consistently identifies a gender difference in offending rates, which are also evident among certain forms of cybercrime. The gender difference in cybercrime offending is particularly large within computer hacking, though few have specifically addressed this issue through applications of criminological theory. The current study attempted to account for the gender disparity in hacking through a test of power-control theory, which considers the role of class and family structure. This analysis also incorporated an extension of power-control theory through the influence of low self-control. Using data from the Second International Self-Report of Delinquency study (ISRD-2), logistic regression analyses were estimated, producing partial support for both theories to account for hacking. Implications for theory and research were explored in detail.

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